Nokea
Which of the following is NOT synthesized in the pituitary gland?
- A. LH
- B. FSH
- C. ADH
- D. TSH
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: ADH. The pituitary gland consists of two parts: the anterior and posterior pituitary. ADH, also known as vasopressin, is synthesized in the hypothalamus and stored in the posterior pituitary. Therefore, it is not synthesized in the pituitary gland itself. LH, FSH, and TSH are all hormones synthesized and released by the anterior pituitary gland.
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Concerning physostigmine, which of the following is CORRECT:
- A. Is a natural quaternary ammonium compound
- B. Has no CNS action
- C. It is an irreversible anti-cholinesterase
- D. It is used in the treatment of glaucoma
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because physostigmine is used in the treatment of glaucoma due to its ability to lower intraocular pressure. It works by inhibiting the enzyme acetylcholinesterase, leading to increased levels of acetylcholine which helps in constricting the pupil and improving drainage of fluid in the eye. Options A and C are incorrect as physostigmine is a tertiary amine and a reversible anti-cholinesterase. Option B is incorrect as physostigmine does have CNS action, crossing the blood-brain barrier and affecting brain function.
A patient suspected of having acromegaly has an elevated plasma growth hormone (GH) level. In acromegaly, what would the nurse also expect the patient's diagnostic results to indicate?
- A. Hyperinsulinemia
- B. Plasma glucose of <70 mg/dL (3.9 mmol/L)
- C. Decreased GH levels with an oral glucose challenge test
- D. Elevated levels of plasma insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1)
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: In acromegaly, elevated plasma IGF-1 levels are expected, as it is a key mediator of GH effects.
What is the role of the adrenal gland during moments of danger?
- A. Secrete hormones that lower metabolism.
- B. Secrete hormones that speed up digestion.
- C. Secrete hormones that increase heart rate and blood pressure.
- D. Secrete hormones that decrease heart rate and blood pressure.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C because during moments of danger, the adrenal gland secretes hormones like adrenaline and cortisol to prepare the body for a "fight or flight" response. These hormones increase heart rate and blood pressure to supply more oxygen and nutrients to the muscles, enabling the body to react quickly to the danger. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect because lowering metabolism, speeding up digestion, and decreasing heart rate and blood pressure are not adaptive responses to danger.
Which patient's nursing care would be most appropriate for the charge nurse to assign to the LPN, under the supervision of the RN team leader?
- A. A 51-year-old patient with bilateral adrenalectomy just returned from the post-anesthesia care unit
- B. An 83-year-old patient with type 2 diabetes and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
- C. A 38-year-old patient with myocardial infarction who is preparing for discharge
- D. A 72-year-old patient admitted from long-term care with mental status changes
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The care of a patient who just returned from surgery (bilateral adrenalectomy) is appropriate for an LPN under supervision, as it requires monitoring for complications and maintaining patient stability.
α-1 adrenergic receptors are selectively blocked by:
- A. Phentolamine
- B. Prazosin
- C. Propranolol
- D. Ergotamine
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Prazosin. α-1 adrenergic receptors are selectively blocked by prazosin. Prazosin is a selective α-1 adrenergic receptor antagonist, specifically targeting these receptors. It works by blocking the effects of norepinephrine, leading to vasodilation and reduced blood pressure.
A: Phentolamine is a non-selective α-adrenergic receptor antagonist, blocking both α-1 and α-2 receptors.
C: Propranolol is a non-selective β-adrenergic receptor antagonist, blocking β-1 and β-2 receptors.
D: Ergotamine is a medication used for the treatment of migraines and has vasoconstrictive properties but does not selectively block α-1 adrenergic receptors.