Nokea
Which of the following organs is affected by thyroid hormone in adults?
- A. liver
- B. spleen
- C. thyroid gland
- D. brain
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: liver. Thyroid hormone affects the liver by regulating metabolism and energy production. It increases the breakdown of fats, proteins, and carbohydrates. The liver plays a crucial role in converting thyroid hormones into their active form.
Summary:
B: The spleen is not directly affected by thyroid hormone.
C: The thyroid gland produces thyroid hormone but is not directly affected by it in adults.
D: While the brain is indirectly influenced by thyroid hormone, it is not a primary target organ for its effects in adults.
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A patient is scheduled for a bilateral adrenalectomy. During the postoperative period, what should the nurse expect related to the administration of corticosteroids?
- A. Reduced to promote wound healing
- B. Withheld until symptoms of hypocortisolism appear
- C. Increased to promote an adequate response to the stress of surgery
- D. Reduced because excessive hormones are released during surgical manipulation of adrenal glands
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Corticosteroids are increased postoperatively after bilateral adrenalectomy to prevent adrenal insufficiency and support the body's response to surgical stress.
Endocrine glands differ from exocrine glands in that:
- A. Endocrine glands are ductless and exocrine glands release secretions at the body's surface or into ducts.
- B. Endocrine glands release hormones, whereas exocrine glands release waste.
- C. Endocrine glands are formed by epithelial tissue, but exocrine glands are primarily connective tissue.
- D. Endocrine glands are all interconnected; whereas exocrine glands act completely independently.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A because endocrine glands are ductless and release hormones directly into the bloodstream to reach target organs, while exocrine glands release their secretions through ducts onto the body's surface or into specific locations. This distinction is crucial as it highlights the mode of transportation of their secretions. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect because exocrine glands do not release waste; they release enzymes, sweat, etc. Exocrine glands can be formed by various types of tissues, not just connective tissue. Additionally, exocrine glands do not necessarily act completely independently; they can be part of a system or network but still release their secretions through ducts.
Insulin:
- A. is secreted by the beta cells of the islets of Langerhans.
- B. is secreted by the liver.
- C. raises blood glucose levels.
- D. is released by the pancreas in response to low blood glucose levels.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Step-by-step rationale:
1. Insulin is a hormone that regulates blood glucose levels by promoting glucose uptake into cells.
2. Beta cells of the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas are responsible for secreting insulin.
3. Insulin lowers blood glucose levels by enhancing glucose uptake and storage.
4. Therefore, choice A is correct as it accurately identifies the source of insulin secretion.
Summary:
- Choice B is incorrect as the liver does not secrete insulin.
- Choice C is incorrect as insulin lowers blood glucose levels.
- Choice D is incorrect as insulin is released in response to high, not low, blood glucose levels.
A nurse finds that before lunch a diabetic client is having signs of hypoglycemia. The accucheck is 54. How many grams of carbohydrates should the nurse give immediately to the client?
- A. 20 grams
- B. 15 grams
- C. 10 grams
- D. 5 grams
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: For hypoglycemia (blood glucose less than 70 mg/dL), the nurse should give 15 grams of fast-acting carbohydrates to quickly raise the blood glucose level.
Which of the following are incorrectly paired?
- A. Gluconeogenesis : Cortisol
- B. Free fatty acid mobilization : Dehydroepiandrosterone
- C. Muscle glycogenolysis : Epinephrine
- D. Kaliuresis : Aldosterone
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because free fatty acid mobilization is primarily regulated by cortisol, not dehydroepiandrosterone. Cortisol promotes lipolysis and stimulates the release of free fatty acids from adipose tissue. Dehydroepiandrosterone is a precursor hormone mainly involved in sex hormone production and has minimal effects on free fatty acid mobilization. Choices A, C, and D are correctly paired as gluconeogenesis is stimulated by cortisol, muscle glycogenolysis is regulated by epinephrine, and kaliuresis is induced by aldosterone.