Nokea
The Glucagon is:
- A. accelerates the conversion of glycogen into glucose.
- B. slows down glucose formation from lactic acid.
- C. decreases the conversion of glycogen into glucose.
- D. speeds up protein synthesis within cells.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A because glucagon stimulates the breakdown of glycogen into glucose, increasing blood glucose levels. Glucagon does not slow down glucose formation from lactic acid (B), decrease glycogen conversion (C), or speed up protein synthesis (D). Glucagon's primary function is to raise blood glucose levels in response to low blood sugar levels.
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A patient suspected of having acromegaly has an elevated plasma growth hormone (GH) level. In acromegaly, what would the nurse also expect the patient's diagnostic results to indicate?
- A. Hyperinsulinemia
- B. Plasma glucose of <70 mg/dL (3.9 mmol/L)
- C. Decreased GH levels with an oral glucose challenge test
- D. Elevated levels of plasma insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1)
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: In acromegaly, elevated plasma IGF-1 levels are expected, as it is a key mediator of GH effects.
The actions of gastrin include all but:
- A. insulin secretion in response to a carbohydrate meal
- B. a trophic effect on colonic mucosa
- C. a trophic effect on gastric mucosa
- D. pepsin secretion
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A because gastrin primarily stimulates gastric acid secretion and gastric mucosal growth but not insulin secretion. Gastrin acts on parietal cells to stimulate acid production and chief cells to release pepsinogen. Choice B and C are incorrect as gastrin does have a trophic effect on colonic and gastric mucosa, respectively. Choice D is also incorrect as gastrin stimulates pepsin secretion.
The secretions from which of these glands differs between males and females?
- A. Adrenal
- B. Gonads
- C. Parathyroid
- D. Pancreas
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Gonads. Gonads are the primary reproductive organs, responsible for producing sex hormones and gametes. In males, the testes produce testosterone and sperm, while in females, the ovaries produce estrogen and eggs. Adrenal glands (A) produce hormones like cortisol and adrenaline, which are not sex-specific. Parathyroid glands (C) regulate calcium levels in the body. Pancreas (D) produces insulin and digestive enzymes, unrelated to sex differences. Therefore, the secretion from gonads is the only one that differs between males and females due to their distinct reproductive functions.
Target cells for hypothalamic releasing hormones are in the
- A. thyroid
- B. hypothalamus
- C. anterior pituitary
- D. posterior pituitary
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: anterior pituitary. Hypothalamic releasing hormones target cells in the anterior pituitary to stimulate the release of specific pituitary hormones. The hypothalamus produces releasing hormones that travel through the hypophyseal portal system and bind to receptors on cells in the anterior pituitary, triggering the release of hormones such as ACTH, TSH, LH, FSH, and GH. This interaction between the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary forms the hypothalamic-pituitary axis, regulating various physiological processes. Choices A (thyroid) and D (posterior pituitary) are incorrect as they are not the primary targets of hypothalamic releasing hormones. Choice B (hypothalamus) is also incorrect as releasing hormones do not target cells within the hypothalamus itself, but rather the anterior pituitary.
Which of the following statements about anticholinesterase drugs is WRONG:
- A. They can be divided into reversible and irreversible types
- B. They include neostigmine and physostigmine
- C. They can produce miosis and lacrimation
- D. They are useful bronchodilators
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because anticholinesterase drugs are not bronchodilators; they actually increase cholinergic activity by inhibiting the breakdown of acetylcholine. Reversible and irreversible types do exist (A), neostigmine and physostigmine are examples (B), and they can cause miosis and lacrimation due to increased cholinergic activity (C). Hence, D is the incorrect statement.