Endocrine System Exam Questions

Endocrine System Exam Questions Related

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A 34-year-old carpenter presents to the emergency room after an accident in which he inadvertently chopped off the tip of his index finger. He is taken to the operating room for reattachment of the digit, and after sedation, a local anesthetic is administered around the site of the injury. The local anesthetic used in the procedure did not contain any epinephrine, as it usually does for most surgical procedures. The reason for this is

  • A. Epinephrine causes increased blood loss during delicate surgery
  • B. Epinephrine causes swelling of the tissues, making surgery more challenging
  • C. Epinephrine is contraindicated in emergency surgery
  • D. Epinephrine causes vasoconstriction, which can lead to vascular ischemia in digits
Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D. Epinephrine causes vasoconstriction, which can lead to vascular ischemia in digits. In delicate surgeries like finger reattachment, maintaining adequate blood flow is crucial for successful outcomes. Using epinephrine can constrict blood vessels excessively, leading to reduced blood supply and potential tissue damage. This can result in vascular ischemia, compromising the viability of the reattached finger.

Explanation for incorrect choices:
A: Epinephrine actually helps in reducing blood loss by constricting blood vessels.
B: Epinephrine reduces tissue swelling, making surgery easier.
C: Epinephrine is not contraindicated in emergency surgery; it is often used to control bleeding and prolong anesthesia.

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Concerning physostigmine, which of the following is CORRECT:

  • A. Is a natural quaternary ammonium compound
  • B. Has no CNS action
  • C. It is an irreversible anti-cholinesterase
  • D. It is used in the treatment of glaucoma
Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D because physostigmine is used in the treatment of glaucoma due to its ability to lower intraocular pressure. It works by inhibiting the enzyme acetylcholinesterase, leading to increased levels of acetylcholine which helps in constricting the pupil and improving drainage of fluid in the eye. Options A and C are incorrect as physostigmine is a tertiary amine and a reversible anti-cholinesterase. Option B is incorrect as physostigmine does have CNS action, crossing the blood-brain barrier and affecting brain function.

Which nerve is NOT involved in the efferent (motor) swallow reflex?

  • A. trigeminal
  • B. vagus
  • C. facial
  • D. hypoglossal
Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: vagus. The efferent swallow reflex involves motor nerves responsible for swallowing. The vagus nerve is primarily responsible for the afferent (sensory) pathway in the swallow reflex, while the efferent pathway involves the trigeminal, facial, and hypoglossal nerves. The trigeminal nerve (A) controls chewing muscles, the facial nerve (C) is responsible for facial expressions and some swallowing muscles, and the hypoglossal nerve (D) controls the movement of the tongue during swallowing. Therefore, the vagus nerve is not directly involved in the efferent motor control of swallowing, making it the correct answer.

The Action of Parathormone in the Human Body

  • A. Decreases blood sodium level
  • B. Increases blood sodium level
  • C. Decreases blood calcium level
  • D. Increases blood calcium level
Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: Increases blood calcium level. Parathormone is released by the parathyroid glands in response to low blood calcium levels. It acts to increase blood calcium levels by stimulating the release of calcium from bones, increasing calcium absorption in the intestines, and promoting calcium reabsorption in the kidneys. This helps to maintain proper calcium levels in the body. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because parathormone does not have any direct effect on blood sodium levels and actually works to increase, not decrease, blood calcium levels.

The Glucagon is:

  • A. accelerates the conversion of glycogen into glucose.
  • B. slows down glucose formation from lactic acid.
  • C. decreases the conversion of glycogen into glucose.
  • D. speeds up protein synthesis within cells.
Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A because glucagon stimulates the breakdown of glycogen into glucose, increasing blood glucose levels. Glucagon does not slow down glucose formation from lactic acid (B), decrease glycogen conversion (C), or speed up protein synthesis (D). Glucagon's primary function is to raise blood glucose levels in response to low blood sugar levels.

Neostigmine is a drug useful in the treatment of myasthenia gravis, but it causes parasympathomimetic effects unless another drug is given first. This drug is:

  • A. Atropine
  • B. Epinephrine
  • C. Isoproterenol
  • D. Edrophonium
Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Atropine. Neostigmine is a cholinesterase inhibitor that increases acetylcholine levels leading to parasympathomimetic effects. Atropine, an anticholinergic drug, blocks the effects of acetylcholine, preventing excessive stimulation of cholinergic receptors. Administering atropine before neostigmine helps counteract the parasympathomimetic effects, making it a necessary pre-treatment. Epinephrine and isoproterenol are adrenergic drugs and wouldn't counteract the cholinergic effects of neostigmine. Edrophonium is another cholinesterase inhibitor like neostigmine, so it wouldn't be effective in preventing the parasympathomimetic effects.

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