Nokea
On swallowing, the food leaves the mouth as a round mass called a bolus, into which structure does it pass?
- A. Pharynx
- B. Oesophagus
- C. Stomach
- D. Trachea
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Oesophagus. After swallowing, the food bolus passes through the pharynx and enters the oesophagus, a muscular tube that connects the mouth to the stomach. The oesophagus helps transport the bolus to the stomach for further digestion. The pharynx is a common pathway for both food and air, but the food should not enter the trachea (D) as it leads to the lungs, causing choking. The stomach (C) is the final destination for the food bolus after passing through the oesophagus.
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In type 1 diabetes there is an osmotic effect of glucose when insulin deficiency prevents the use of glucose for energy. Which classic symptom is caused by the osmotic effect of glucose?
- A. Fatigue
- B. Polyphagia
- C. Polydipsia
- D. Recurrent infections
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Polydipsia is caused by the osmotic effect of glucose, leading to excessive urination and increased thirst.
Which nerve is NOT involved in the efferent (motor) swallow reflex?
- A. trigeminal
- B. vagus
- C. facial
- D. hypoglossal
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: vagus. The efferent swallow reflex involves motor nerves responsible for swallowing. The vagus nerve is primarily responsible for the afferent (sensory) pathway in the swallow reflex, while the efferent pathway involves the trigeminal, facial, and hypoglossal nerves. The trigeminal nerve (A) controls chewing muscles, the facial nerve (C) is responsible for facial expressions and some swallowing muscles, and the hypoglossal nerve (D) controls the movement of the tongue during swallowing. Therefore, the vagus nerve is not directly involved in the efferent motor control of swallowing, making it the correct answer.
Which of the following occur due to increased secretion of testosterone during puberty in male humans?
- A. 1, 2, 3 and 4
- B. 1, 2 and 3 only
- C. 1 and 2 only
- D. 3 and 4 only
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Step 1: Increased muscle growth (1) is due to testosterone promoting protein synthesis, leading to muscle hypertrophy.
Step 2: Deepening of voice (2) is caused by testosterone thickening the vocal cords.
Step 3: Growth of facial hair (3) is stimulated by testosterone promoting hair follicle growth.
Step 4: Enlargement of testes (4) is a direct effect of increased testosterone levels. Therefore, choices A, B, C, and D are analyzed:
- B is incorrect as it excludes the enlargement of testes.
- C is incorrect as it excludes the growth of facial hair.
- D is incorrect as it excludes both muscle growth and the growth of facial hair.
Conclusion: Choice A is correct as it includes all the effects of increased testosterone secretion during puberty in male humans.
Antidiuretic hormone _______________.
- A. controls metabolic rate
- B. controls the amount of urine one produces
- C. increases blood sugar
- D. controls reproduction
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: controls the amount of urine one produces. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) acts on the kidneys to regulate water reabsorption, thereby controlling the amount of urine produced. It does not control metabolic rate (A), increase blood sugar (C), or control reproduction (D). ADH's main function is to maintain water balance in the body by reducing urine output.
Which of the following statements about anticholinesterase drugs is WRONG:
- A. They can be divided into reversible and irreversible types
- B. They include neostigmine and physostigmine
- C. They can produce miosis and lacrimation
- D. They are useful bronchodilators
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because anticholinesterase drugs are not bronchodilators; they actually increase cholinergic activity by inhibiting the breakdown of acetylcholine. Reversible and irreversible types do exist (A), neostigmine and physostigmine are examples (B), and they can cause miosis and lacrimation due to increased cholinergic activity (C). Hence, D is the incorrect statement.