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Appropriate statements concerning radiology and trauma interventional radiology include:
- A. To rule out injury of the cervical spine in the unconscious patient, application of a protocol involving a computed tomography (CT) scan to the neck is recommended.
- B. A FAST (Focused Assessment with Sonography for Trauma) scan is a specific investigation for assessment of intraperitoneal bleeding.
- C. In a patient who is persistently hypotensive in the emergency department despite adequate fluid resuscitation, radiological interventions to treat bleeding caused by a pelvic fracture are not recommended.
- D. Interventional radiology has a role in the management of injuries to the liver, kidney and spleen.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Trauma radiology optimizes diagnosis and intervention. CT is the gold standard for cervical spine assessment in unconscious patients, per NICE guidelines, offering high sensitivity for fractures/ligamentous injury versus plain films. FAST scans detect free fluid (e.g., blood) intraperitoneally but lack specificity positive findings need confirmation (e.g., CT). Persistent hypotension with pelvic fracture warrants interventional radiology (e.g., embolization), not dismissal contrary to the statement. Interventional radiology manages solid organ injuries (liver, kidney, spleen) via embolization, reducing surgical need. Staffing in radiology matches theatre for critical cases. CT's diagnostic precision in cervical spine trauma ensures timely, accurate management, critical in unconscious patients where clinical exam is unreliable.
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Research into people's eating behaviour has produced several findings. Question: Which finding is NOT correct?
- A. When eating in a group, you eat more than when eating alone
- B. Portion size does not influence how much a person eats
- C. Low prices of high-calorie food contribute to overeating
- D. If you eat with people who eat a lot, you will eat more yourself as well
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Eating truths groups, big portions, cheap junk, piggybacking all pile on, but portion size sways intake, not static. Nurses debunk this, a chronic portion myth.
Regarding oxygen consumption by the adult human body:
- A. It is approximately 3 ml Oâ‚‚ kgâ»Â¹ minâ»Â¹ at rest in the awake adult patient.
- B. It rises to approximately 11 ml Oâ‚‚ kgâ»Â¹ minâ»Â¹ at peak exercise in healthy young adults.
- C. Increases by approximately 5-fold after major surgery.
- D. Peak oxygen consumption is likely to be quantified accurately by cardiopulmonary exercise testing.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Oxygen consumption (VOâ‚‚) reflects metabolic demand. At rest, VOâ‚‚ is approximately 3-4 ml Oâ‚‚ kgâ»Â¹ minâ»Â¹ in awake adults, aligning with basal energy needs (250-300 ml/min total). During peak exercise, healthy young adults can reach 30-40 ml Oâ‚‚ kgâ»Â¹ minâ»Â¹, far exceeding 11 ml, depending on fitness. Post-major surgery, VOâ‚‚ increases 50-100% (1.5-2-fold), not 5-fold, due to stress and healing, though critical illness may spike higher briefly. Cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) accurately measures peak VOâ‚‚, unlike the Duke Activity Status Index, which estimates it via questionnaire. The resting value of 3 ml Oâ‚‚ kgâ»Â¹ minâ»Â¹ is a physiological constant, foundational to understanding perioperative oxygen delivery and demand.
What is the most influential source of self-efficacy?
- A. Mastery
- B. Affective states
- C. Verbal persuasion
- D. Vicarious experience
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Self-efficacy's backbone is mastery past wins breed belief, a nurse's gold for chronic self-care push. Watching others, pep talks, or mood sway less; doing it trumps all, a confidence anchor in illness battles.
Lymphoma is differentiated in stages to assisting classifications. Stage III is when there are
- A. Diffuse or disseminated involvement of one or more extra lymphatic organs
- B. Involvement limited to one side of the diaphragm with two or more lymph node regions
- C. Involvement of lymph node regions on both sides of the diaphragm
- D. Involvement of a single lymph node region or single extralymphatic organ or site
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Lymphoma's Stage III nodes jump diaphragm's sides, not one-sided, organ-wide, or solo. Nurses stage this, a chronic spread mark.
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is associated with:
- A. Skeletal muscle dysfunction.
- B. Mean pulmonary arterial pressure of ≥ 25 mm Hg.
- C. Significant reversibility in airflow limitation with bronchodilator therapy.
- D. Depression.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: COPD is a progressive lung disease characterized by airflow limitation that is not fully reversible. Skeletal muscle dysfunction is a well-documented extrapulmonary manifestation due to systemic inflammation, oxidative stress, and reduced physical activity, leading to muscle wasting and weakness. Elevated mean pulmonary arterial pressure (≥ 25 mm Hg) defines pulmonary hypertension, which can occur secondary to COPD but is not a universal feature. Significant reversibility in airflow limitation is more typical of asthma, not COPD, where bronchodilator response is limited. The FEVâ‚/FVC ratio in COPD is typically <0.7, not >0.7, making that option incorrect. Depression is common in COPD patients due to chronic illness and reduced quality of life, but it's not a defining feature. Among these, skeletal muscle dysfunction is most consistently associated with COPD pathophysiology, reflecting its systemic impact beyond the lungs.