Area(s) in the visual cortex involved in colour vision include:
- A. V1
- B. V2
- C. V3
- D. V8
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Area V8, also known as the colour centre, is specifically involved in colour vision. V1, V2, and V3 are involved in early visual processing but not exclusively in colour vision.
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The following muscles are supplied by posterior rami of spinal nerves EXCEPT
- A. Erector spinae
- B. Levator costae
- C. Splenius
- D. Scalene posterior
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The scalene muscles are innervated by the anterior rami of cervical spinal nerves, not the posterior rami. The posterior rami supply intrinsic back muscles like the erector spinae.
The nurse is caring for the client with increased intracranial pressure. The nurse would note which of the following trends in vital signs if the ICP is rising?
- A. Increasing temperature, increasing pulse, increasing respirations, decreasing blood pressure.
- B. Increasing temperature, decreasing pulse, decreasing respirations, increasing blood pressure.
- C. Decreasing temperature, decreasing pulse, increasing respirations, decreasing blood pressure.
- D. Decreasing temperature, increasing pulse, decreasing respirations, increasing blood pressure.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: In increased ICP, Cushing's triad may occur, which includes bradycardia (decreasing pulse), irregular respirations (decreasing respirations), and widening pulse pressure (increasing blood pressure). These signs indicate severe brainstem compression and are late signs of increased ICP, requiring immediate intervention.
Communication within neurons is ______, communication between neurons is ________.
- A. excitatory, inhibitory
- B. inhibitory, excitatory
- C. chemical, electrical
- D. electrical, chemical
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Communication within neurons is electrical, involving the propagation of action potentials along the axon. Communication between neurons, however, is chemical, relying on the release of neurotransmitters at the synapse. This combination of electrical and chemical signaling allows for rapid and precise communication within the nervous system, enabling complex behaviors and cognitive processes.
What does an abnormal finding in the assessment of cranial nerve VII (Facial nerve) indicate?
- A. Facial asymmetry or difficulty with facial expressions.
- B. Clear and symmetric facial movements.
- C. Normal taste sensation.
- D. Equal and reactive pupils.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Facial asymmetry or difficulty with facial expressions indicates dysfunction of cranial nerve VII (Facial nerve). Clear facial movements, normal taste sensation, and equal pupils are normal findings.
The elevated ridges of tissue on the surface of the cerebral hemispheres are known as ______ while the shallow grooves are termed ______.
- A. sulci; gyri
- B. gyri; sulci
- C. ganglia; gyri
- D. tracts; ganglia
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The elevated ridges on the cerebral hemispheres are called gyri, and the shallow grooves are called sulci. Ganglia, tracts, receptors, and effectors are unrelated to these structures. Thus, B is the correct answer.