Nokea
At which stage of development are children apt to believe in the reversibility of death?
- A. Toddler.
- B. Preschool age.
- C. School age.
- D. Adolescent.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Preschool-aged children commonly believe in the reversibility of death due to their cognitive development stage, where magical thinking is prevalent.
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According to developmental theories, which event is essential to toddler development?
- A. Learning to feed oneself.
- B. Developing friendships.
- C. Learning to walk.
- D. Being potty-trained.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The mastery of toilet training is considered a key developmental milestone during the toddler period.
A client complains of sporadic epigastric pain, yellow skin, nausea, vomiting, weight loss, and fatigue. Suspecting gallbladder disease, the physician orders a diagnostic workup, which reveals gallbladder cancer. Which nursing diagnosis may be appropriate for this client?
- A. Anticipatory grieving
- B. Disturbed body image
- C. Impaired swallowing
- D. Chronic low self-esteem
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Anticipatory grieving is an appropriate nursing diagnosis for a client diagnosed with gallbladder cancer due to the nature of the diagnosis and the symptoms experienced. Gallbladder cancer carries a poor prognosis and can have a significant impact on the client's emotional well-being. The client may experience feelings of sadness, fear, and loss related to the cancer diagnosis and its implications on their health and future. The presence of symptoms such as yellow skin, weight loss, fatigue, and epigastric pain can further contribute to the client's distress and feelings of grief. As the client navigates the challenges associated with the cancer diagnosis and treatment, providing emotional support and assistance in coping with their feelings of anticipatory grief is essential for holistic care.
A nurse explains to a child's parents that the role of methotrexate (Rheumatrex®) in treating children with juvenile arthritis is to:
- A. decrease the inflammatory response.
- B. improve functional ability.
- C. control the febrile response.
- D. minimize the effects of uveitis.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Methotrexate, which is a disease-modifying antirheumatic drug (DMARD), is commonly used to treat juvenile arthritis by decreasing the inflammatory response in the joints. By suppressing the overactive immune response that causes inflammation in the joints, methotrexate helps reduce pain, swelling, and stiffness in children with juvenile arthritis. This ultimately helps to improve joint function and prevent joint damage. While methotrexate may indirectly contribute to improving functional ability and controlling febrile responses in some cases, its primary mechanism of action is to target and reduce inflammation in juvenile arthritis. The medication may also help in managing associated conditions like uveitis, but its main role lies in decreasing the inflammatory response in arthritis.
The entire process of toilet training need not be hurried and it can take
- A. 2 months
- B. 4 months
- C. 6 months
- D. 8 months
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Toilet training typically takes around 6 months, though this varies from child to child.
The nurse is aware that multiple sclerosis is a progressive disease of the central nervous system characterized by:
- A. Axon degeneration
- B. Sclerosed patches of nervous system
- C. Demyelination of the brain and spinal cord
- D. All of the above
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a progressive disease of the central nervous system characterized by all the given options: axon degeneration, sclerosed patches of the nervous system, and demyelination of the brain and spinal cord. Axon degeneration occurs due to the damage caused by the immune system attacking the myelin sheath. Sclerosed patches of the nervous system result from the formation of scar tissue in the central nervous system. Demyelination is the hallmark feature of MS, where the protective covering of nerve fibers (myelin) is damaged, leading to disrupted communication between the brain and the rest of the body. Collectively, these characteristics contribute to the clinical manifestations and progression of multiple sclerosis.