Nokea
Atropine is used clinically in all of the following conditions EXCEPT:
- A. Pre-anesthetic medication
- B. Organic phosphate poisoning
- C. Intestinal colic
- D. Xerostomia (Dry mouth)
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Certainly! Atropine is an anticholinergic drug that works by blocking the action of acetylcholine. Xerostomia (dry mouth) is a symptom caused by decreased salivary gland activity, so using atropine would exacerbate this condition. In contrast, atropine is used in pre-anesthetic medication to reduce secretions, in organic phosphate poisoning to counteract the cholinergic effects, and in intestinal colic to relax smooth muscles. Therefore, the correct answer is D because atropine would worsen dry mouth.
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Diabetes insipidus is caused due to deficiency of hormone:
- A. Insulin
- B. ADH
- C. Growth hormone
- D. Oxytocin
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: ADH (antidiuretic hormone). Diabetes insipidus is a condition characterized by excessive thirst and urination due to a deficiency of ADH, which regulates water balance in the body. Insulin (choice A) is related to diabetes mellitus, not diabetes insipidus. Growth hormone (choice C) and oxytocin (choice D) do not play a direct role in water balance regulation. Therefore, choice B is the most appropriate answer for this question.
Delegation Decision: The following interventions are planned for a diabetic patient. Which intervention can the nurse delegate to unlicensed assistive personnel (UAP)?
- A. Discuss complications of diabetes.
- B. Check that the bath water is not too hot.
- C. Check the patient's technique for drawing up insulin.
- D. Teach the patient to use a meter for self-monitoring of blood glucose.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The UAP can check the bath water temperature, but teaching and assessing insulin-related skills require nursing knowledge.
Which one of the following is NOT typical of the changes that follow the binding of a hormone to its target cells:
- A. plasma membrane permeability changes
- B. cellular mutations occur
- C. enzymes are activated or inactivated
- D. mitosis is stimulated
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: cellular mutations occur. Hormone binding typically triggers signaling cascades that lead to cellular responses like changing plasma membrane permeability, activating/inactivating enzymes, or stimulating mitosis. Cellular mutations are not a direct result of hormone binding and are typically caused by external factors like radiation or chemicals. In this context, mutations do not happen as an immediate response to hormone binding. Therefore, option B is the correct choice. Plasma membrane permeability changes, enzyme activation/inactivation, and mitosis stimulation are all typical outcomes of hormone binding and subsequent signaling pathways.
Steatorrhoea occurs with all of the following EXCEPT:
- A. gastrinoma
- B. congenital defect in gastric lipase
- C. ileal disease with failure to reabsorb bile salts
- D. exocrine pancreatic disease
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: congenital defect in gastric lipase. Steatorrhoea is the presence of excess fat in the stool due to malabsorption. Gastrinoma (A), ileal disease (C), and exocrine pancreatic disease (D) can all lead to malabsorption of fats resulting in steatorrhoea. However, a congenital defect in gastric lipase does not directly affect fat absorption in the intestines, making it the exception in this scenario.
Epinephrine (adrenaline) increases blood glucose by:
- A. increasing transport of glucose into the cell.
- B. stimulating gluconeogenesis.
- C. stimulating the hepatic conversion of glycogen into glucose.
- D. converting fatty acids into glucose.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C because epinephrine stimulates the hepatic conversion of glycogen into glucose. This process, called glycogenolysis, releases stored glucose from the liver into the bloodstream, increasing blood glucose levels. Choice A is incorrect because epinephrine does not directly increase glucose transport into cells. Choice B is incorrect as gluconeogenesis is the synthesis of new glucose, not the release of stored glucose. Choice D is incorrect because fatty acids are not directly converted into glucose by epinephrine.