Nokea
Calcium level in the blood is regulated by hormones released from the .
- A. testes
- B. adrenal medulla and pancreas
- C. parathyroid and thymus
- D. parathyroid and thyroid
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because calcium regulation in the blood is primarily controlled by hormones released from the parathyroid and thyroid glands. Parathyroid hormone (PTH) released by the parathyroid glands increases blood calcium levels, while calcitonin released by the thyroid gland decreases blood calcium levels. The other choices are incorrect because the testes primarily produce hormones related to reproduction (not calcium regulation), the adrenal medulla and pancreas are not directly involved in calcium regulation, and the thymus is involved in immune function but not in calcium regulation.
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The endocrine gland(s) referred to as the 'master gland' is the:
- A. pancreas
- B. adrenal glands
- C. thyroid gland
- D. pituitary gland
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: pituitary gland. The pituitary gland is often referred to as the 'master gland' because it controls the functions of other endocrine glands in the body. It secretes hormones that regulate various bodily functions such as growth, metabolism, and reproduction. It is located at the base of the brain and is divided into two parts: anterior and posterior. The anterior pituitary gland produces and releases several important hormones that influence other endocrine glands. The other choices (A: pancreas, B: adrenal glands, C: thyroid gland) do not have the same broad regulatory control over the endocrine system as the pituitary gland.
Cushing syndrome and Addison’s disease are:
- A. forms of chronic adrenal cortical hypofunction.
- B. forms of chronic adrenal cortical hypersecretion.
- C. treated with replacement doses of cortisol (i.e., prednisone).
- D. disorders of the adrenal cortex.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because both Cushing syndrome and Addison's disease are disorders of the adrenal cortex. Cushing syndrome involves excessive cortisol production, while Addison's disease is characterized by insufficient cortisol production. Both conditions directly affect the adrenal cortex, leading to hormonal imbalances.
Choice A is incorrect because Cushing syndrome involves hyperfunction, not hypofunction. Choice B is incorrect as it states hypersecretion, which is true for Cushing syndrome but not for Addison's disease. Choice C is incorrect because while replacement cortisol therapy is used for Addison's disease, it is not the only treatment option, and it does not apply to Cushing syndrome.
A patient is hospitalized with adrenocortical insufficiency. Which nursing activity should you delegate to the nursing assistant?
- A. Remind patient to change positions slowly.
- B. Check the patient for muscle weakness.
- C. Teach the patient how to collect 24-hour urine.
- D. Plan nursing interventions to promote fluid balance.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Reminding the patient to change positions slowly is a non-invasive task that is appropriate for delegation to a nursing assistant, as it helps prevent dizziness or hypotension due to adrenocortical insufficiency.
A patient presents with a tumor of the adrenal gland. It is determined that the levels of renin-angiotensin is low. Which of the following would lead to increased renin-angiotensin levels?
- A. Cushing's syndrome
- B. Secondary hyperaldosteronism
- C. Primary hyperaldosteronism, Conn's syndrome
- D. A and B
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Secondary hyperaldosteronism. In this scenario, the low renin-angiotensin levels indicate a feedback mechanism where the body is trying to compensate for high aldosterone levels. Secondary hyperaldosteronism, which can be caused by conditions like renal artery stenosis or heart failure, leads to increased aldosterone secretion independent of renin levels, resulting in low renin-angiotensin levels.
A: Cushing's syndrome is associated with excess cortisol production, but it does not directly influence renin-angiotensin levels.
C: Primary hyperaldosteronism (Conn's syndrome) is characterized by high aldosterone levels, not low renin-angiotensin levels.
D: Both Cushing's syndrome and secondary hyperaldosteronism do not necessarily occur together, making this option incorrect.
All of the following are β-adrenergic agonists EXCEPT:
- A. Adrenaline
- B. Dopamine
- C. Noradrenaline
- D. Phenylephrine
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Phenylephrine. Beta-adrenergic agonists stimulate beta-adrenergic receptors. Phenylephrine is an alpha-adrenergic agonist, not a beta-adrenergic agonist. Adrenaline, dopamine, and noradrenaline are all beta-adrenergic agonists. Therefore, the correct answer is D.