Nokea
Autonomic dysreflexia can best be described as a
- A. serious complication occurring in patients with cord damage below the T-6 level
- B. frequent cause of cerebral hemorrhage and myocardial infarction
- C. normal sequelae of spinal cord injury
- D. sudden exaggerated sympathetic discharge
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Autonomic dysreflexia involves an exaggerated sympathetic response in spinal cord injury patients.
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Which cranial nerve lies in the junction between pons and medilla?
- A. abducent nerve (VI)
- B. facial nerve (VII)
- C. vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII)
- D. glossopharyngeal nerve (IX)
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The abducent nerve (VI) emerges at the junction between the pons and medulla. It controls the lateral rectus muscle, which abducts the eye.
Which myotome is responsible for extension of the hip
- A. L3/4
- B. L4/L5
- C. L5/S1
- D. S1/S2
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The L3 and L4 nerve roots innervate the quadriceps and iliopsoas muscles, which are involved in hip extension. This is important in assessing lumbar nerve root function.
Which of the following organisms causes epidemic meningitis cases at college campuses?
- A. Haemophilus influenzae type b
- B. Neisseria meningitidis
- C. Streptococcus pneumoniae
- D. Listeria monocytogenes
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Neisseria meningitidis. This bacterium is a common cause of epidemic meningitis in college campuses due to person-to-person transmission, especially in crowded living spaces. It has a polysaccharide capsule that helps evade the immune system, leading to severe infections. Haemophilus influenzae type b, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Listeria monocytogenes can also cause meningitis but are not typically associated with college campus epidemics.
Acetylcholine and norepinephrine are two well-known _________.
- A. postsynaptic receptors
- B. enzymes that rapidly inactivate neurotransmitters
- C. drugs of abuse
- D. neurotransmitters
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Acetylcholine and norepinephrine are two well-known neurotransmitters that play critical roles in the nervous system. Acetylcholine is involved in muscle contraction, memory, and learning, while norepinephrine regulates attention, arousal, and stress responses. These neurotransmitters bind to specific receptors on postsynaptic neurons, triggering electrical signals that propagate neural communication. Their proper functioning is essential for normal brain and body activities.
A nursing intervention that would be appropriate to provide respite care?
- A. Help the wife to arrange for adult day care for the patient.
- B. Encourage permanent placement of the patient in the Alzheimer's unit of a long-term care facility.
- C. Refer the wife to a home health agency to arrange daily home nursing visits to assist with the patient's care.
- D. Arrange for hospitalization of the patient for 3 or 4 days so that the wife can visit out-of-town friends and relatives.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Adult day care provides temporary relief for caregivers