Nokea
Bacillary dysentery is also called:
- A. salmonellosis
- B. shigellosis
- C. typhoid fever
- D. campylobacteriosis
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Bacillary dysentery is caused by the bacterium Shigella, hence it is also known as shigellosis. Shigella is the primary pathogen responsible for this infectious disease, leading to severe diarrhea with blood and mucus. Salmonellosis (A) is caused by Salmonella bacteria, not Shigella. Typhoid fever (C) is caused by Salmonella typhi, not Shigella. Campylobacteriosis (D) is caused by Campylobacter bacteria, not Shigella. Therefore, the correct answer is B because Shigella is the specific bacterium associated with bacillary dysentery.
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A fecal smear from a patient with chronic diarrhea revealed cysts with four nuclei. What is the causative agent?
- A. Entamoeba histolytica
- B. Balantidium coli
- C. Giardia lamblia
- D. Trichomonas hominis
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Entamoeba histolytica. The presence of cysts with four nuclei is characteristic of Entamoeba histolytica, a protozoan parasite causing amoebic dysentery. It forms cysts with four nuclei before maturing into trophozoites. Balantidium coli (B) is a ciliated protozoan causing balantidiasis, not known for four-nuclei cysts. Giardia lamblia (C) forms cysts with two nuclei, causing giardiasis. Trichomonas hominis (D) is a non-pathogenic flagellate found in the human colon, not associated with four-nuclei cysts.
Gram (+) bacteria ... MG-ribonucleate and Mg. deoxyribonucleate in:
- A. Proportion 4:1
- B. Proportion 2:1
- C. Proportion 8:1
- D. Proportion 1:1
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A, proportion 4:1. Gram (+) bacteria have a higher ratio of MG-ribonucleate to Mg. deoxyribonucleate because ribosomal RNA is more abundant in actively growing bacterial cells. This higher proportion of MG-ribonucleate to Mg. deoxyribonucleate is essential for protein synthesis and growth. The other choices are incorrect because they do not reflect the higher ratio of ribosomal RNA to DNA in Gram (+) bacteria, which is crucial for their metabolic activities and cellular functions.
Which of the following bacteria produce toxins that can cause severe gastrointestinal illness?
- A. Vibrio cholerae
- B. Clostridium difficile
- C. Escherichia coli
- D. All of the above
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D, "All of the above," because all three bacteria listed (Vibrio cholerae, Clostridium difficile, Escherichia coli) produce toxins that can cause severe gastrointestinal illness. Vibrio cholerae produces cholera toxin leading to severe diarrhea. Clostridium difficile produces toxins causing antibiotic-associated diarrhea. Escherichia coli can produce toxins such as Shiga toxin causing severe gastrointestinal symptoms. Therefore, all the options listed are correct in producing toxins that can result in severe gastrointestinal illness.
Growth factors are substances which:
- A. Cannot be synthesized in the bacterial cells but are important for their growth
- B. Bacterial cells can synthesize in limited amount
- C. Bacterial cells store in the form of granules
- D. Bacterial cells synthesis in a large amount
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A because growth factors are essential nutrients that bacteria cannot synthesize on their own and must obtain from the environment for their growth. Bacteria rely on these external factors for processes like cell division, metabolism, and survival. Choice B is incorrect because bacteria can only synthesize growth factors in limited amounts, not sufficient for their growth. Choice C is incorrect as bacterial cells do not store growth factors in granules. Choice D is incorrect because bacterial cells do not synthesize growth factors in large amounts.
Hepatitis B infection may present with:
- A. Jaundice
- B. Elevated serum aminotransferase levels
- C. No symptoms
- D. All of the above
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: All of the above. Hepatitis B infection can present with jaundice due to liver inflammation, elevated serum aminotransferase levels due to liver damage, and sometimes no symptoms in the acute phase. This comprehensive presentation covers the spectrum of possible clinical manifestations of hepatitis B infection. Choices A and B are correct as they are common manifestations of hepatitis B infection. Choice C is incorrect as hepatitis B infection can indeed present with symptoms, making option D the most appropriate choice.