Nokea
Breech presentation: a) What is meant by “breech presentation”?
- A. Head-first presentation
- B. Bottom or feet-first presentation
- C. Oblique lie
- D. Transverse lie
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Breech presentation refers to the bottom or feet-first position of the baby in the uterus. This is the correct answer (B) because it accurately defines breech presentation. Choice A (head-first presentation) is incorrect as it describes the typical vertex presentation. Choices C (oblique lie) and D (transverse lie) are also incorrect as they refer to other abnormal fetal positions that are different from breech presentation.
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What are the risks of cesarean sections?
- A. Infection
- B. Blood loss
- C. Prolonged recovery
- D. All of the above
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because all the choices (A, B, and C) are risks associated with cesarean sections. Infection can occur at the incision site, blood loss is a common concern during surgery, and cesarean sections typically have a longer recovery time compared to vaginal delivery. Therefore, all of these risks are potential complications of undergoing a cesarean section. The other choices (A, B, and C) are incorrect individually because they only represent a subset of the risks associated with cesarean sections, while choice D encompasses all potential risks.
Haematinics, dietary advice, and close surveillance are management plans for
- A. Moderate anaemia
- B. Mild anaemia
- C. Severe anaemia
- D. Anaemia prevention
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Moderate anaemia. Haematinics, dietary advice, and close surveillance are appropriate management plans for moderate anaemia to improve iron levels and overall health. For mild anaemia, dietary changes alone may be sufficient. Severe anaemia often requires more aggressive treatments like blood transfusions. Anaemia prevention focuses on strategies to avoid developing anaemia rather than managing an existing case.
Classical vitamin K deficiency bleeding occurs
- A. Within the first 24 hours of birth
- B. Within the neonatal stage
- C. Within the infancy stage
- D. Within the first week of birth
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Classical vitamin K deficiency bleeding occurs within the neonatal stage because newborns have low levels of vitamin K, which is essential for blood clotting. This deficiency typically manifests between 1-7 days after birth. Bleeding within the first 24 hours (choice A) is unlikely as it is too early for vitamin K deficiency to cause symptoms. Bleeding within infancy (choice C) is incorrect as it specifically refers to the neonatal stage. Bleeding within the first week of birth (choice D) is a close distractor, but the critical period for classical vitamin K deficiency bleeding is within the neonatal stage, which is slightly more specific than the first week of birth.
A clinical feature that is suggestive of hypothermia neonatorum is
- A. Bradycardia
- B. Hyperglycemia
- C. Hypoventilation
- D. Hyperventilation
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Bradycardia. Hypothermia neonatorum is characterized by low body temperature in newborns, which can lead to bradycardia as the heart rate decreases in response to the cold stress. Bradycardia is a common physiological response to hypothermia as the body tries to conserve energy and maintain vital functions. Hyperglycemia, hypoventilation, and hyperventilation are not specific clinical features of hypothermia neonatorum. Hyperglycemia is more commonly associated with conditions like diabetes, hypoventilation could be a sign of respiratory distress, and hyperventilation is usually seen in response to metabolic acidosis or anxiety.
The gradual rewarming process in the management of hypothermia neonatorum is aimed at
- A. Providing energy
- B. Preventing shock
- C. Providing comfort
- D. Preventing burns
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: In the management of hypothermia neonatorum, the gradual rewarming process is aimed at preventing shock. Rapid rewarming can lead to vasodilation, causing a sudden drop in blood pressure and potentially leading to shock. Gradual rewarming helps the body adjust slowly to prevent this. Providing energy (Choice A) is not the primary goal of rewarming in hypothermia. Providing comfort (Choice C) is important but not the main purpose of the rewarming process. Preventing burns (Choice D) is not directly related to the rewarming process but is important to ensure the safety of the neonate during the rewarming process.