Nokea
By the time food leaves the stomach it is:
- A. a creamy paste called chyme.
- B. rolled into a bolus.
- C. ready to be mixed with pepsin for protein digestion.
- D. None of the above.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: a creamy paste called chyme. After food enters the stomach, it gets mixed with gastric juices and enzymes, forming a semi-liquid substance known as chyme. This chyme is then slowly released into the small intestine for further digestion and absorption of nutrients. Option B is incorrect as food is not rolled into a bolus in the stomach but rather churned into chyme. Option C is incorrect as pepsin, an enzyme for protein digestion, is already present in the stomach and starts working on digesting proteins before the food leaves the stomach. Option D is incorrect as chyme is the accurate description of the partially digested food leaving the stomach.
You may also like to solve these questions
What occurs during swallowing?
- A. All the processes of Deglutition are under voluntary control.
- B. The vocal folds are relaxed allowing the food to travel down the oesophagus
- C. The swallowing centre located within the medulla oblongata inhibits the medullary respiratory centre
- D. The food bolus travels down the oesophagus due to gravity
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C because during swallowing, the swallowing center in the medulla oblongata inhibits the medullary respiratory center to prevent aspiration. This coordination ensures that breathing is temporarily halted to prevent food or liquid from entering the airway. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect because not all processes of deglutition are under voluntary control, the vocal folds actually close to protect the airway during swallowing, and the movement of the food bolus down the esophagus is facilitated by peristalsis rather than gravity.
At which relative exercise intensity would you expect to utilize the most intramuscular triglycerides?
- A. 25% VO2 max (i.e. 25% of aerobic capacity)
- B. 65% VO2 max
- C. 85% VO2 max
- D. 150% VO2 max
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B (65% VO2 max) because at this intensity, the body primarily uses a combination of fats and carbohydrates for energy production. Intramuscular triglycerides are a source of fat utilized during moderate-intensity exercise. At 25% VO2 max (choice A), the body predominantly uses carbohydrates, while at 85% VO2 max (choice C) and 150% VO2 max (choice D), the reliance shifts towards carbohydrates due to the higher intensity levels. Therefore, option B is the most suitable intensity for utilizing intramuscular triglycerides efficiently.
The nurse caring for an 80-year-old woman who is undergoing extensive bowel preparation for a colonoscopy. The nurse should most closely monitor the patient for which potential complication?
- A. Diarrhea
- B. Metabolic acidosis
- C. Fatigue
- D. Dyspnea
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Metabolic acidosis. During bowel preparation for a colonoscopy, the patient may experience fluid and electrolyte imbalances, leading to metabolic acidosis. The nurse should closely monitor for signs such as confusion, weakness, and increased respiratory rate. Diarrhea (choice A) is expected during bowel preparation but does not directly lead to metabolic acidosis. Fatigue (choice C) and dyspnea (choice D) are less likely complications of bowel preparation and do not directly relate to metabolic acidosis.
A patient with cirrhosis that is refractory to other treatments for esophageal varices undergoes a portacaval shunt. As a result of this procedure, what should the nurse expect the patient to experience?
- A. An improved survival rate
- B. Decreased serum ammonia levels
- C. Improved metabolism of nutrients
- D. Improved hemodynamic function and renal perfusion
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Improved hemodynamic function and renal perfusion. A portacaval shunt is a surgical procedure that diverts blood flow from the portal vein directly into the vena cava, reducing portal hypertension. This leads to improved hemodynamic function by decreasing pressure in the portal system, which can improve renal perfusion. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because a portacaval shunt may not necessarily improve survival rate, decrease serum ammonia levels, or improve metabolism of nutrients.
Which of the following ligaments attaches the liver to the anterior abdominal wall?
- A. coronary ligament
- B. falciform ligament
- C. quadrate ligament
- D. caudate ligament
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: falciform ligament. The falciform ligament attaches the liver to the anterior abdominal wall and separates the right and left lobes of the liver. It is a broad, thin ligament that resembles a sickle. The other choices are incorrect because:
A: The coronary ligament attaches the liver to the diaphragm, not the abdominal wall.
C: The quadrate ligament attaches the liver to the gallbladder and the lesser curvature of the stomach.
D: The caudate ligament attaches the liver to the diaphragm and is not directly related to the abdominal wall attachment.