Nokea
Carbohydrate absorption:
- A. all glucose, galactose and fructose is co-transported with Na by the SGLT-2 transporter into enterocytes
- B. all glucose/galactose and fructose is transported across the basolateral membrane by GLUT2
- C. fructose absorption is a secondary active transport mechanism
- D. absorption is decreased by insulin
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because glucose, galactose, and fructose are transported across the basolateral membrane by the GLUT2 transporter. This occurs after they are absorbed into enterocytes through various transport mechanisms. Choice A is incorrect because SGLT-2 transporter is responsible for glucose and galactose absorption, not fructose. Choice C is incorrect as fructose is absorbed through facilitated diffusion, not secondary active transport. Choice D is incorrect because insulin actually increases carbohydrate absorption by upregulating GLUT2 expression.
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The following sympathomimetic drug is a catecholamine:
- A. Ephedrine
- B. Phenylephrine
- C. Phentolamine
- D. Isoprenaline
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Step-by-step rationale for why D (Isoprenaline) is the correct answer:
1. Isoprenaline is a catecholamine because it has a catechol structure, which consists of a benzene ring with two hydroxyl groups.
2. Catecholamines are a class of neurotransmitters that include dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine.
3. Isoprenaline acts as a non-selective beta-adrenergic agonist, stimulating both beta-1 and beta-2 adrenergic receptors.
4. Its pharmacological effects include increased heart rate, bronchodilation, and vasodilation.
Summary of why other choices are incorrect:
A. Ephedrine is a sympathomimetic drug but is not a catecholamine as it lacks the catechol structure.
B. Phenylephrine is a sympathomimetic drug that acts as an alpha-adrenergic agonist,
What is the origin of accessory pancreatic duct?
- A. Distal part of dorsal pancreatic bud
- B. Proximal part of dorsal pancreatic bud
- C. The distal part of ventral pancreatic bud
- D. The proximal part of ventral pancreatic bud
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Proximal part of dorsal pancreatic bud. The accessory pancreatic duct originates from the dorsal pancreatic bud during embryonic development. This is because the dorsal pancreatic bud gives rise to the body and tail of the pancreas, which includes the accessory pancreatic duct. The proximal part of the dorsal pancreatic bud specifically gives rise to the proximal part of the accessory pancreatic duct. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because they refer to the distal part of the dorsal pancreatic bud, the distal part of the ventral pancreatic bud, and the proximal part of the ventral pancreatic bud, respectively, which are not associated with the origin of the accessory pancreatic duct.
All of the following are effects of chronic tobacco smoking EXCEPT:
- A. Peripheral vascular disease
- B. Cardiac arrhythmias
- C. Hypotension
- D. Increased gastric secretion
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Hypotension. Chronic tobacco smoking typically causes vasoconstriction, leading to increased blood pressure rather than hypotension. Peripheral vascular disease (A), cardiac arrhythmias (B), and increased gastric secretion (D) are common effects of chronic tobacco smoking due to the harmful impact on blood vessels, heart function, and gastrointestinal system.
Complete the following sentence: Hormones are chemical messengers that…
- A. Remain at a constant concentration in the blood
- B. Are synthesised by plasma proteins
- C. Are only produced after puberty
- D. Alter the activity of target tissues
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because hormones alter the activity of target tissues to regulate various physiological processes in the body. Hormones act on specific receptors in target tissues to initiate a response. Option A is incorrect because hormone levels fluctuate to maintain homeostasis. Option B is incorrect because hormones are typically synthesized by endocrine glands, not plasma proteins. Option C is incorrect because hormones are produced throughout life, not just after puberty.
A patient with SIADH is treated with water restriction. What does the patient experience when the nurse determines that treatment has been effective?
- A. Increased urine output, decreased serum sodium, and increased urine specific gravity
- B. Increased urine output, increased serum sodium, and decreased urine specific gravity
- C. Decreased urine output, increased serum sodium, and decreased urine specific gravity
- D. Decreased urine output, decreased serum sodium, and increased urine specific gravity
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Effective water restriction in SIADH leads to increased urine output, increased serum sodium, and a decrease in urine specific gravity due to dehydration correction.