Nokea
Carboxypeptidase requires _______ for its activity
- A. copper
- B. niacin
- C. iron
- D. Zn
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Carboxypeptidase is a metalloenzyme that requires zinc (Zn) for its activity as a cofactor. Zinc plays a crucial role in stabilizing the enzyme's structure and facilitating the catalytic reaction. Copper (A), niacin (B), and iron (C) are not directly involved in the enzymatic activity of carboxypeptidase. Copper is more commonly associated with other enzymes like cytochrome c oxidase, niacin is a vitamin, and iron is typically involved in heme-containing proteins like hemoglobin. Zinc is the correct choice as it directly supports carboxypeptidase function.
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Mechanical digestion begins in the:
- A. mouth
- B. stomach
- C. small intestine
- D. large intestine
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: mouth. Mechanical digestion begins in the mouth where food is chewed and mixed with saliva, breaking down into smaller pieces for easier swallowing and digestion. This process increases the surface area of food for enzymes to act upon. The stomach (B) primarily performs chemical digestion, the small intestine (C) is where most chemical digestion and absorption occur, and the large intestine (D) is mainly responsible for water absorption and formation of feces. Thus, the mouth is the correct choice for the beginning of mechanical digestion.
A patient who has chronic constipation asks the nurse about the use of psyllium (Metamucil). Which information will the nurse include in the response?
- A. Fiber-containing laxatives may reduce the absorption of fat-soluble vitamins.
- B. Dietary sources of fiber should be eliminated to prevent excessive gas formation.
- C. Use of this type of laxative to prevent constipation does not cause adverse effects.
- D. Large amounts of fluid should be taken to prevent impaction or bowel obstruction.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Rationale for Correct Answer D:
- Psyllium is a bulk-forming laxative that works by absorbing water in the intestines, forming a gel-like mass that helps with bowel movements.
- Taking large amounts of fluid is essential when using psyllium to prevent the gel-like mass from hardening and causing impaction or bowel obstruction.
- Adequate fluid intake is crucial for the safe and effective use of psyllium as a laxative.
Summary of Incorrect Choices:
- Choice A is incorrect because fiber-containing laxatives like psyllium do not directly impact the absorption of fat-soluble vitamins.
- Choice B is incorrect as dietary sources of fiber should not be eliminated entirely but rather balanced to prevent excessive gas.
- Choice C is incorrect as all medications, including laxatives, can have potential adverse effects; however, psyllium is generally well-tolerated when used appropriately.
Which enzyme is responsible for breaking down carbohydrates in the mouth?
- A. Amylase
- B. Protease
- C. Lipase
- D. Pepsin
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Amylase. Amylase is an enzyme that specifically breaks down carbohydrates into sugars in the mouth. It is produced by both salivary glands and pancreas. Protease (B) breaks down proteins, Lipase (C) breaks down fats, and Pepsin (D) breaks down proteins in the stomach. Therefore, A is the correct answer for the enzyme responsible for breaking down carbohydrates in the mouth.
Probably the main reason why elderly people have antacids, Hâ‚‚ antagonists and proton pump inhibitors is because of the increase in ______ with age.
- A. Crohn's disease
- B. irritable bowel syndrome
- C. gastroesophageal reflux disorder
- D. colitis
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: gastroesophageal reflux disorder (GERD). As people age, they are more likely to experience GERD due to changes in the muscles of the esophagus and stomach, leading to acid reflux. Antacids, H2 antagonists, and proton pump inhibitors are commonly used to alleviate symptoms of GERD by reducing stomach acid production. Crohn's disease (A), irritable bowel syndrome (B), and colitis (D) are not typically associated with aging and are not directly related to the need for these medications in elderly people.
The nurse is assessing a patient who had an abdominal hysterectomy. Which of the following signs of infection should the nurse be most concerned about?
- A. Redness around the incision site
- B. A temperature of 99°F
- C. Complaints of mild abdominal cramping
- D. Purulent drainage from the incision site
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Purulent drainage from the incision site. Purulent drainage indicates an active infection, requiring immediate attention and intervention to prevent serious complications. Redness and a low-grade fever can be common in the early stages of healing and may not necessarily indicate infection. Complaints of mild cramping are also common post-surgery and may not specifically point to infection. Purulent drainage is a more specific and concerning sign of infection as it indicates the presence of pus and bacteria at the incision site, requiring prompt medical evaluation and treatment to prevent further complications.