Nokea
Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) is caused when the carpal tunnel compresses which location?
- A. Radial artery
- B. Brachial artery
- C. Median nerve
- D. Ulnar nerve
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Median nerve. Carpal tunnel syndrome occurs when the median nerve is compressed within the carpal tunnel in the wrist. This compression leads to symptoms like numbness, tingling, and weakness in the hand and fingers. The other choices are incorrect because the radial artery (A) and the brachial artery (B) are blood vessels, not nerves. The ulnar nerve (D) runs along a different path in the arm and is not involved in carpal tunnel syndrome.
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Multi-photon microscopy has proved to be an invaluable tool for the evaluation of the dynamics of immune responses in vivo. The following is a list of observations derived from intra-vital microscopy. Identify the incorrect statement.
- A. T cells make stable and prolonged contacts with APC presenting the specific antigen in the paracortex
- B. In the absence of antigens B cells move at the same speed and randomly in follicles
- C. In the presence of infection specific B cells quickly direct themselves towards the source of antigen
- D. Dendritic cells move rapidly through the germinal centre during an immune response
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because dendritic cells do not typically move rapidly through the germinal center during an immune response. Dendritic cells usually interact with T cells in the paracortex to present antigens, and they are not known to migrate rapidly through the germinal center.
A: This statement is correct as T cells do make stable and prolonged contacts with APCs in the paracortex during immune responses.
B: This statement is incorrect as B cells do not move at the same speed and randomly in follicles in the absence of antigens. They respond to signals and cues in the microenvironment.
C: This statement is correct as specific B cells can quickly direct themselves towards the source of antigen during an infection.
In summary, choice D is incorrect because dendritic cells do not move rapidly through the germinal center during an immune response, while the other choices accurately describe behaviors of immune cells during immune responses.
A patient with a genetic mutation of BRCA1 and a family history of breast cancer is admitted to the surgical unit where she is scheduled that day for a bilateral simple mastectomy. What is the reason for this procedure?
- A. Prevent breast cancer
- B. Diagnose breast cancer
- C. Cure or control breast cancer
- D. Provide palliative care for untreated breast cancer
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: A bilateral simple mastectomy is performed to prevent breast cancer in high-risk individuals with BRCA1 mutations.
What is a typical time frame for Type IV hypersensitivity reactions to develop?
- A. Within minutes
- B. 1-3 hours
- C. 24-72 hours
- D. 5-7 days
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C (24-72 hours) for Type IV hypersensitivity reactions to develop. This type of reaction involves T cell-mediated immune responses, which take time to develop. Initially, sensitization occurs, followed by activation of memory T cells upon re-exposure to the antigen. This process typically takes 24-72 hours to manifest clinically. Choices A (Within minutes), B (1-3 hours), and D (5-7 days) are incorrect because Type IV reactions do not exhibit immediate responses like Type I hypersensitivity reactions (Choice A), nor do they typically take as long as 5-7 days to develop (Choice D). The time frame of 1-3 hours (Choice B) is too short for the characteristic delayed hypersensitivity reaction seen in Type IV responses.
Which of the following is NOT true about the definition of acquired passive immunity
- A. Breast milk is an example
- B. It provides short term protection
- C. Can be transferred through the placenta
- D. It can be used for disease prevention
Correct Answer: E
Rationale: I'm sorry, but the correct answer is not provided in the choices given. Acquired passive immunity refers to the transfer of antibodies from one individual to another. Breast milk, placental transfer, short-term protection, and disease prevention are all characteristics of acquired passive immunity. Therefore, the correct answer is not presented in the options provided.
TLRs contain a cytoplasmic TIR domain also found in the receptor of
- A. Type I Interferons
- B. IL-1β
- C. TNF-α
- D. IL-8
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Step-by-step rationale for Choice B (IL-1β) being correct:
1. The TIR domain is present in Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and IL-1 receptor.
2. TLRs recognize various microbial products, while IL-1 receptor binds IL-1 cytokines.
3. Both TLRs and IL-1 receptor signal through the TIR domain.
4. IL-1β is a cytokine that binds to IL-1 receptor, which contains a TIR domain.
Summary of why the other choices are incorrect:
A: Type I Interferons - Type I interferons signal through JAK-STAT pathway, not TIR domain.
C: TNF-α - TNF receptor family signals through TNF receptor-associated death domain, not TIR domain.
D: IL-8 - IL-8 binds to CXCR1 and CXCR2 receptors, which do not contain a TIR domain.
In summary, Choice B