Nokea
Which of the following concerning nosocomial infections is incorrect?
- A. Caused by both Gram-negative and Gram-positive
- B. A common example is represented by Helicobacter pylori
- C. Caused by species that are often antibiotic-resistant
- D. Include infections by Clostridium difficile, a bacterial species that is often part of the commensal flora
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because Helicobacter pylori is not typically associated with nosocomial infections. Nosocomial infections are usually caused by bacteria commonly found in healthcare settings, such as Clostridium difficile, which is mentioned in choice D. Choices A, C, and D are correct as nosocomial infections can be caused by both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, often antibiotic-resistant species, and commensal flora bacteria like Clostridium difficile.
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Why did Barry Marshall drink a pure culture of Helicobacter pylori?
- A. To demonstrate the H. pylori is the cause of gastric cancer
- B. To demonstrate an association between H. pylori infection and gastric ulcers
- C. To demonstrate that gastric ulcers are caused by stress rather than bacterial
- D. A and B are both correct
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Barry Marshall drank a pure culture of H. pylori to demonstrate an association between H. pylori infection and gastric ulcers. This is because he wanted to prove the theory that the bacteria is a primary cause of stomach ulcers, contradicting the prevailing belief at the time. Choice A is incorrect because the direct link between H. pylori and gastric cancer was not the primary focus of his experiment. Choice C is incorrect as his goal was to show the bacterial link to ulcers, not to disprove stress as a factor. Choice D is incorrect because only choice B accurately reflects his intended purpose.
A critical role of secondary lymphoid tissues is to:
- A. Provide a place for B and T lymphocytes to mature and begin expression of antigen receptors
- B. Allow co-localization of the components required to activate naïve lymphocytes
- C. Minimize contact of naïve lymphocytes with self antigens
- D. All of the above
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Step 1: Secondary lymphoid tissues bring together antigen-presenting cells and lymphocytes, facilitating the activation of naïve lymphocytes.
Step 2: Co-localization of these components is essential for efficient immune response initiation.
Step 3: Maturation and expression of antigen receptors primarily occur in primary lymphoid tissues, not secondary.
Summary:
A: Incorrect. Maturation of lymphocytes occurs mainly in primary lymphoid tissues.
C: Incorrect. Contact with self-antigens is necessary for self-tolerance and occurs in primary lymphoid tissues.
D: Incorrect. Only choice B accurately describes the critical role of secondary lymphoid tissues.
The nurse is caring for clients on the medical-surgical unit. What action by the nurse will help prevent a client from having a type II hypersensitivity reaction?
- A. Administering steroids for a positive TB test
- B. Correctly identifying the client prior to a blood transfusion
- C. Keeping the client free of the offending agent
- D. Providing a latex-free environment for the client
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because correctly identifying the client prior to a blood transfusion helps prevent a type II hypersensitivity reaction, which occurs when the body attacks its own cells due to mismatched blood types. This action ensures that the client receives compatible blood, reducing the risk of a transfusion reaction. Administering steroids for a positive TB test (A) is unrelated to preventing a type II hypersensitivity reaction. Keeping the client free of the offending agent (C) is more relevant to preventing a type IV hypersensitivity reaction. Providing a latex-free environment for the client (D) is important for preventing a type I hypersensitivity reaction in latex-sensitive individuals, not type II reactions related to blood transfusions.
What dietary advice should the nurse give to clients with HIV/AIDS?
- A. Encourage intake of fat-soluble vitamins in amounts two to five times the RDA
- B. Encourage intake of water-soluble vitamins in amounts two to five times the RDA
- C. Increase the intake of iron and zinc
- D. Decrease the intake of trace element and antioxidant supplements
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Water-soluble vitamins are crucial for immune function and are often depleted in HIV/AIDS patients so increasing their intake is beneficial.
naïve T cells can be found in
- A. Blood
- B. Germinal centers
- C. Mostly in the medullary region of lymph nodes (LN)
- D. In non-lymphoid tissues such as the skin
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Blood. Naïve T cells are circulating in the blood, ready to encounter antigens. They can move to secondary lymphoid organs like lymph nodes. Germinal centers (B) are sites of B cell maturation, not where naïve T cells are primarily found. While some naïve T cells enter lymph nodes (C), they are not mostly located in the medullary region. Naïve T cells can also migrate to non-lymphoid tissues (D), but their primary residence is in the blood.