Nokea
The immunoglobulin class which is the least abundant in the normal adult is
- A. IgG
- B. IgA
- C. IgE
- D. IgD
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C, IgE. IgE is the least abundant immunoglobulin in the normal adult because it is primarily involved in allergic responses and parasitic infections, leading to its lower baseline levels compared to other classes. IgG is the most abundant and provides long-term immunity. IgA is found in mucosal areas and secretions, crucial for local immunity. IgD functions primarily as a B cell receptor and its levels are relatively low in circulation. Therefore, IgE stands out as the least abundant in the normal adult due to its specialized role in immune responses.
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All of the following are true of antigen EXCEPT which one of the following?
- A. They contain paratopes
- B. They will react with antibodies.
- C. They contain antigenic determinants.
- D. They can elicit an immune response.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A. Paratopes are actually parts of antibodies that bind to antigens, not the antigens themselves. A is incorrect because antigens do not contain paratopes; rather, they contain epitopes or antigenic determinants that are recognized by antibodies. B, C, and D are true statements about antigens. B is true because antigens react with antibodies. C is true because antigens contain antigenic determinants that antibodies recognize. D is true because antigens can elicit an immune response by stimulating the production of antibodies. Therefore, the correct answer is A because antigens do not contain paratopes.
A common collaborative problem related to both hyperkalemia and hypokalemia is which potential complication?
- A. Seizures
- B. Paralysis
- C. Dysrhythmias
- D. Acute kidney injury
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Both hyperkalemia and hypokalemia disrupt cardiac conduction, causing dysrhythmias due to their effects on myocardial cell membrane potentials.
Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) is caused when the carpal tunnel compresses which location?
- A. Radial artery
- B. Brachial artery
- C. Median nerve
- D. Ulnar nerve
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Median nerve. Carpal tunnel syndrome occurs when the median nerve is compressed within the carpal tunnel in the wrist. This compression leads to symptoms like numbness, tingling, and weakness in the hand and fingers. The other choices are incorrect because the radial artery (A) and the brachial artery (B) are blood vessels, not nerves. The ulnar nerve (D) runs along a different path in the arm and is not involved in carpal tunnel syndrome.
Which of the following is not usually observed in severe Covid-19 cases?
- A. Prompt and sustained production of type I Interferon
- B. Autoantibodies
- C. A delayed CD4 T cell response
- D. Elevated levels of inflammatory cytokines
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Step-by-step rationale:
1. In severe Covid-19 cases, there is usually a dysregulated immune response.
2. Type I Interferon plays a crucial role in early antiviral defense.
3. However, in severe cases, there is often a blunted or delayed response of type I Interferon.
4. This delayed response contributes to viral persistence and hyperinflammation.
5. Therefore, the prompt and sustained production of type I Interferon is not usually observed in severe Covid-19 cases.
Summary:
- Choice A is correct as the prompt and sustained production of type I Interferon is not typically observed in severe Covid-19 cases.
- Choices B, C, and D are incorrect as autoantibodies, a delayed CD4 T cell response, and elevated levels of inflammatory cytokines are commonly observed in severe Covid-19 cases.
Secondary lymphoid tissues are where:
- A. Lymphocyte precursors become mature
- B. Inflammation occurs during re-infection with a given pathogen
- C. Lymphocytes become activated by antigen
- D. Gene rearrangement takes place
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C because secondary lymphoid tissues, like lymph nodes and spleen, are where lymphocytes encounter antigens and become activated. This process leads to the proliferation and differentiation of lymphocytes, enabling them to mount an immune response against specific pathogens. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect because A pertains to primary lymphoid tissues, B describes a localized immune response, and D refers to the process of gene rearrangement that occurs in the primary lymphoid tissues during lymphocyte development.