Nokea
A patient is experiencing an immune response that involves the T lymphocytes. For which types of immunity should the nurse plan care for this patient?
- A. Passive immunity
- B. Humoral immunity
- C. Acquired immunity
- D. Cell-mediated immunity
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Cell-mediated immunity. T lymphocytes are primarily involved in cell-mediated immunity, where they directly attack infected cells or pathogens. This type of immunity is crucial in fighting intracellular pathogens like viruses. Other choices are incorrect because:
A: Passive immunity involves receiving pre-formed antibodies, not T lymphocytes.
B: Humoral immunity involves B cells producing antibodies, not T lymphocytes.
C: Acquired immunity is a general term encompassing both humoral and cell-mediated immunity, but T lymphocytes specifically play a key role in cell-mediated immunity.
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Dendritic cells migrating from tissues enter the lymph nodes through
- A. Thoracic duct
- B. HEV
- C. Afferent lymphatics
- D. Efferent lymphatics
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Afferent lymphatics. Dendritic cells migrate from tissues to lymph nodes through afferent lymphatics, which are small vessels that carry lymph into the lymph nodes. Once inside the lymph nodes, dendritic cells interact with T cells to initiate immune responses. The thoracic duct (A) drains lymph from the entire body into the bloodstream, not directly into lymph nodes. High endothelial venules (HEV) (B) are specialized blood vessels in lymph nodes where lymphocytes enter from the bloodstream, not dendritic cells. Efferent lymphatics (D) carry lymph out of the lymph nodes, not into them.
TLRs contain a cytoplasmic TIR domain also found in the receptor of
- A. Type I Interferons
- B. IL-1β
- C. TNF-α
- D. IL-8
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Step-by-step rationale for Choice B (IL-1β) being correct:
1. The TIR domain is present in Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and IL-1 receptor.
2. TLRs recognize various microbial products, while IL-1 receptor binds IL-1 cytokines.
3. Both TLRs and IL-1 receptor signal through the TIR domain.
4. IL-1β is a cytokine that binds to IL-1 receptor, which contains a TIR domain.
Summary of why the other choices are incorrect:
A: Type I Interferons - Type I interferons signal through JAK-STAT pathway, not TIR domain.
C: TNF-α - TNF receptor family signals through TNF receptor-associated death domain, not TIR domain.
D: IL-8 - IL-8 binds to CXCR1 and CXCR2 receptors, which do not contain a TIR domain.
In summary, Choice B
What is the most common cause of secondary immunodeficiency disorders?
- A. Chronic stress
- B. T-cell deficiency from HIV
- C. Drug-induced immunosuppression
- D. Common variable hypogammaglobulinemia
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Drug-induced immunosuppression is a frequent cause of secondary immunodeficiency, often due to medications used in treating other conditions.
Which of the following concerning nosocomial infections is incorrect?
- A. Caused by both Gram-negative and Gram-positive
- B. A common example is represented by Helicobacter pylori
- C. Caused by species that are often antibiotic-resistant
- D. Include infections by Clostridium difficile, a bacterial species that is often part of the commensal flora
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because Helicobacter pylori is not typically associated with nosocomial infections. Nosocomial infections are usually caused by bacteria commonly found in healthcare settings, such as Clostridium difficile, which is mentioned in choice D. Choices A, C, and D are correct as nosocomial infections can be caused by both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, often antibiotic-resistant species, and commensal flora bacteria like Clostridium difficile.
Kinds of innate immunity barriers are
- A. External barriers such as Skin, Secretions, Mucous membranes
- B. Internal defenses such as Inflammatory response
- C. A & B
- D. Non
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C because both external barriers (Skin, Secretions, Mucous membranes) and internal defenses (Inflammatory response) are types of innate immunity. External barriers physically block pathogens from entering the body, while internal defenses involve cellular and molecular responses to eliminate pathogens. Choice A alone does not cover internal defenses, and choice B alone does not cover external barriers, making them individually incomplete. Choice D is incorrect as innate immunity does involve specific barriers and responses. Therefore, choice C is the best answer as it encompasses both types of innate immunity barriers.