Nokea
During exacerbations of SL, patients are often treated with:
- A. Antiemetics.
- B. Antineoplastics.
- C. Corticosteroids.
- D. Antibiotics.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Corticosteroids are commonly used during exacerbations of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) to reduce inflammation and suppress the immune system. Antineoplastics and antibiotics target different conditions and are not the primary treatment for SLE.
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What triggers the release of mediators from mast cells during Type I hypersensitivity?
- A. Cross-linking of IgE molecules on the mast cell surface
- B. Activation of complement proteins
- C. Binding of IgG to antigen
- D. Phagocytosis of allergens
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A. Cross-linking of IgE molecules on the mast cell surface triggers the release of mediators during Type I hypersensitivity. When allergens bind to IgE antibodies on mast cells, it leads to cross-linking of IgE molecules, causing the mast cell to release histamine and other inflammatory mediators. This process initiates the allergic response.
Explanation for incorrect choices:
B: Activation of complement proteins does not directly trigger mast cell degranulation in Type I hypersensitivity.
C: Binding of IgG to antigen is characteristic of Type II and Type III hypersensitivity reactions, not Type I.
D: Phagocytosis of allergens does not directly stimulate mast cells to release mediators in Type I hypersensitivity.
A structural domain essential for the assembly of the inflammasome is
- A. Leucine rich repeats
- B. TIR domain
- C. CARD
- D. All of the above
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: CARD. CARD stands for Caspase Activation and Recruitment Domain, which is crucial for the assembly of the inflammasome complex. It facilitates the recruitment and activation of caspase enzymes, leading to inflammatory responses. Leucine rich repeats (A) and TIR domain (B) are not directly involved in the assembly of the inflammasome. Therefore, the correct choice is C, as it specifically pertains to the structural domain essential for this process.
A critical role of secondary lymphoid tissues is to:
- A. Provide a place for B and T lymphocytes to mature and begin expression of antigen receptors
- B. Allow co-localization of the components required to activate naïve lymphocytes
- C. Minimize contact of naïve lymphocytes with self antigens
- D. All of the above
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Step 1: Secondary lymphoid tissues bring together antigen-presenting cells and lymphocytes, facilitating the activation of naïve lymphocytes.
Step 2: Co-localization of these components is essential for efficient immune response initiation.
Step 3: Maturation and expression of antigen receptors primarily occur in primary lymphoid tissues, not secondary.
Summary:
A: Incorrect. Maturation of lymphocytes occurs mainly in primary lymphoid tissues.
C: Incorrect. Contact with self-antigens is necessary for self-tolerance and occurs in primary lymphoid tissues.
D: Incorrect. Only choice B accurately describes the critical role of secondary lymphoid tissues.
Ferrets have recently been objects of an intense debate within the scientific community in the field of Flu research because
- A. Of a recent outbreak caused by a novel Influenza strain
- B. Of a recent outbreak caused by a highly virulent H1N1 strain
- C. Mutations have been introduced in H5N1 creating a strain transmissible among these mammals
- D. Two publications on this animal model for Flu were put on hold due to biosecurity reasons
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C because it indicates a specific reason for the intense debate within the scientific community regarding ferrets in Flu research. Mutations in H5N1 creating a strain transmissible among ferrets is significant as it highlights a potential threat of cross-species transmission and the need for further study.
A is incorrect as it does not provide a specific reason related to ferrets and their role in Flu research. B is incorrect because it focuses on a specific strain (H1N1) rather than mutations in H5N1. D is incorrect as it mentions publications being put on hold but does not address the core issue of mutations and transmissibility among ferrets.
TLRs contain a cytoplasmic TIR domain also found in the receptor of
- A. Type I Interferons
- B. IL-1β
- C. TNF-α
- D. IL-8
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Step-by-step rationale for Choice B (IL-1β) being correct:
1. The TIR domain is present in Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and IL-1 receptor.
2. TLRs recognize various microbial products, while IL-1 receptor binds IL-1 cytokines.
3. Both TLRs and IL-1 receptor signal through the TIR domain.
4. IL-1β is a cytokine that binds to IL-1 receptor, which contains a TIR domain.
Summary of why the other choices are incorrect:
A: Type I Interferons - Type I interferons signal through JAK-STAT pathway, not TIR domain.
C: TNF-α - TNF receptor family signals through TNF receptor-associated death domain, not TIR domain.
D: IL-8 - IL-8 binds to CXCR1 and CXCR2 receptors, which do not contain a TIR domain.
In summary, Choice B