Nokea
Which dietary change is most beneficial in reducing the risk of colorectal cancer?
- A. Increased fiber intake
- B. High-fat diet
- C. Reduced carbohydrate consumption
- D. Increased protein intake
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Increased fiber intake promotes healthy digestion and reduces the risk of colorectal cancer.
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What is the key characteristic of adaptive immunity compared to innate immunity?
- A. It uses physical barriers like skin
- B. It has antigen-specific responses and memory
- C. It responds to all antigens non-specifically
- D. It is faster than innate immunity
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because adaptive immunity is characterized by antigen-specific responses and memory. This means that it can recognize and target specific antigens upon exposure and develop long-lasting immunological memory.
Choice A is incorrect because physical barriers like skin are part of innate immunity, not adaptive immunity. Choice C is incorrect as adaptive immunity responds to specific antigens, not all antigens non-specifically. Choice D is incorrect because adaptive immunity typically takes longer to respond compared to innate immunity due to the need for activation and clonal expansion of specific immune cells.
What is the normal range for the hematocrit value in a healthy adult?
- A. 20-40%
- B. 40-60%
- C. 60-80%
- D. 80-100%
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: 40-60%. Hematocrit represents the percentage of red blood cells in the blood. The normal range for hematocrit in a healthy adult is typically around 40-60%. Values below 40% may indicate anemia, while values above 60% may suggest conditions like dehydration or polycythemia. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because they fall outside the normal range for hematocrit levels in a healthy adult.
An 82-year-old male patient with pneumonia who is in the intensive care unit (ICU) is beginning to have decreased cognitive function. What should the nurse first suspect as a potential cause of this change?
- A. Fatigue
- B. Infection
- C. ICU psychosis
- D. Medication allergy
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: ICU psychosis is common in elderly patients due to sensory overload, sleep deprivation, and unfamiliar environments. While infection could also cause confusion, ICU psychosis is more likely given the context.
The daughter of a man with Huntington’s disease is having presymptomatic genetic testing done. What does a positive result mean for her?
- A. She will get the disease.
- B. She is a carrier of Huntington’s disease.
- C. She will be at increased risk for developing the disease.
- D. She should change her diet, exercise, and environment to prevent the disease.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Huntington’s disease is dominantly inherited, meaning a positive test indicates she will develop the disease later in life.
Multi-photon microscopy has proved to be an invaluable tool for the evaluation of the dynamics of immune responses in vivo. The following is a list of observations derived from intra-vital microscopy. Identify the incorrect statement.
- A. T cells make stable and prolonged contacts with APC presenting the specific antigen in the paracortex
- B. In the absence of antigens B cells move at the same speed and randomly in follicles
- C. In the presence of infection specific B cells quickly direct themselves towards the source of antigen
- D. Dendritic cells move rapidly through the germinal centre during an immune response
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because dendritic cells do not typically move rapidly through the germinal center during an immune response. Dendritic cells usually interact with T cells in the paracortex to present antigens, and they are not known to migrate rapidly through the germinal center.
A: This statement is correct as T cells do make stable and prolonged contacts with APCs in the paracortex during immune responses.
B: This statement is incorrect as B cells do not move at the same speed and randomly in follicles in the absence of antigens. They respond to signals and cues in the microenvironment.
C: This statement is correct as specific B cells can quickly direct themselves towards the source of antigen during an infection.
In summary, choice D is incorrect because dendritic cells do not move rapidly through the germinal center during an immune response, while the other choices accurately describe behaviors of immune cells during immune responses.