Nokea
What happens when immune complexes are not cleared in Type III hypersensitivity?
- A. They activate T cells
- B. They deposit in tissues, causing inflammation
- C. They are phagocytosed by macrophages without effects
- D. They suppress antibody production
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because when immune complexes are not cleared in Type III hypersensitivity, they deposit in tissues, activating complement cascades and causing inflammation. This leads to tissue damage and the recruitment of inflammatory cells.
A: Immune complexes do not directly activate T cells in Type III hypersensitivity.
C: Phagocytosis of immune complexes can lead to cell activation and inflammation.
D: Immune complexes do not suppress antibody production in Type III hypersensitivity.
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What discovery is attributed to Elie Metchnikoff?
- A. Antitoxins
- B. Phagocytosis
- C. Germ theory of disease
- D. Smallpox eradication
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Phagocytosis. Elie Metchnikoff is credited with discovering phagocytosis, the process in which certain cells engulf and digest foreign particles or microorganisms. He observed this phenomenon in starfish larvae, leading to a groundbreaking understanding of how immune cells defend the body against pathogens.
Choice A (Antitoxins) is incorrect because although Metchnikoff made contributions to immunology, his notable discovery was phagocytosis, not antitoxins. Choice C (Germ theory of disease) is incorrect as this theory was developed by Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch. Choice D (Smallpox eradication) is incorrect as this achievement is primarily attributed to the efforts of Edward Jenner and the World Health Organization.
Why did Barry Marshall drink a pure culture of Helicobacter pylori?
- A. To demonstrate the H. pylori is the cause of gastric cancer
- B. To demonstrate an association between H. pylori infection and gastric ulcers
- C. To demonstrate that gastric ulcers are caused by stress rather than bacterial
- D. A and B are both correct
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Barry Marshall drank a pure culture of H. pylori to demonstrate an association between H. pylori infection and gastric ulcers. This is because he wanted to prove the theory that the bacteria is a primary cause of stomach ulcers, contradicting the prevailing belief at the time. Choice A is incorrect because the direct link between H. pylori and gastric cancer was not the primary focus of his experiment. Choice C is incorrect as his goal was to show the bacterial link to ulcers, not to disprove stress as a factor. Choice D is incorrect because only choice B accurately reflects his intended purpose.
A common collaborative problem related to both hyperkalemia and hypokalemia is which potential complication?
- A. Seizures
- B. Paralysis
- C. Dysrhythmias
- D. Acute kidney injury
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Both hyperkalemia and hypokalemia disrupt cardiac conduction, causing dysrhythmias due to their effects on myocardial cell membrane potentials.
The nurse has administered prescribed allergen injections twice a week for several weeks to an individual with a bee sting allergy. The patient misses three appointments. What action should the nurse take on the patient's next visit?
- A. Consult physician to confirm the dosage to be given.
- B. Administer the same dosage as was given at the last visit.
- C. Administer the dosage as originally prescribed for that visit.
- D. Tell the patient that the entire immunotherapy schedule needs to be restarted.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Consult physician to confirm the dosage to be given. The nurse should consult the physician because missing three appointments may affect the patient's progress and tolerance to the allergen injections. The physician needs to reassess the situation and determine the appropriate action, which may involve adjusting the dosage or reevaluating the treatment plan. This ensures patient safety and effectiveness of the treatment.
Summary:
B: Administering the same dosage as the last visit may not be appropriate without physician consultation.
C: Administering the dosage as originally prescribed may not account for any changes in the patient's condition.
D: Restarting the entire immunotherapy schedule is an extreme measure and should only be considered after consultation with the physician.
What is the function of IgA?
- A. Allergy mediation
- B. Placental transfer
- C. Mucosal immunity
- D. Primary response
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Mucosal immunity. IgA plays a crucial role in protecting mucosal surfaces, such as the lining of the gut and respiratory tract, from pathogens. It helps prevent infections by neutralizing and blocking the entry of harmful substances. IgA is not involved in allergy mediation (choice A), placental transfer (choice B), or primary response (choice D), as those functions are typically associated with other types of antibodies. IgA's specificity for mucosal surfaces makes it uniquely suited for providing defense at these vulnerable sites.