Nokea
What is the medical term for the formation of abnormal red blood cells?
- A. Leukocytosis
- B. Thrombocytosis
- C. Hemolysis
- D. Anemia
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Anemia. Anemia is the medical term for a condition where there is a decrease in the number of red blood cells or hemoglobin in the blood. The formation of abnormal red blood cells can lead to anemia, affecting the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood. Leukocytosis (A) is an increase in white blood cells, thrombocytosis (B) is an increase in platelets, and hemolysis (C) is the breakdown of red blood cells, none of which specifically refer to the formation of abnormal red blood cells.
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What is the primary difference between healing by primary intention and healing by secondary intention?
- A. Secondary healing requires surgical debridement for healing to occur.
- B. Primary healing involves suturing two layers of granulation tissue together.
- C. Presence of more granulation tissue in secondary healing results in more scarring.
- D. Healing by secondary intention takes longer because more steps in the healing process are necessary.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Healing by secondary intention involves more granulation tissue formation compared to primary intention, leading to greater scarring. Secondary intention also requires additional time for wound closure.
naïve T cells can be found in
- A. Blood
- B. Germinal centers
- C. Mostly in the medullary region of lymph nodes (LN)
- D. In non-lymphoid tissues such as the skin
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Blood. Naïve T cells are circulating in the blood, ready to encounter antigens. They can move to secondary lymphoid organs like lymph nodes. Germinal centers (B) are sites of B cell maturation, not where naïve T cells are primarily found. While some naïve T cells enter lymph nodes (C), they are not mostly located in the medullary region. Naïve T cells can also migrate to non-lymphoid tissues (D), but their primary residence is in the blood.
A patient is experiencing an immune response that involves the T lymphocytes. For which types of immunity should the nurse plan care for this patient?
- A. Passive immunity
- B. Humoral immunity
- C. Acquired immunity
- D. Cell-mediated immunity
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Cell-mediated immunity. T lymphocytes are primarily involved in cell-mediated immunity, where they directly attack infected cells or pathogens. This type of immunity is crucial in fighting intracellular pathogens like viruses. Other choices are incorrect because:
A: Passive immunity involves receiving pre-formed antibodies, not T lymphocytes.
B: Humoral immunity involves B cells producing antibodies, not T lymphocytes.
C: Acquired immunity is a general term encompassing both humoral and cell-mediated immunity, but T lymphocytes specifically play a key role in cell-mediated immunity.
Emphysema is characterized by ______.
- A. the loss of elasticity of the lungs
- B. spasms of the bronchioles due to exposure to allergens
- C. abnormal growth of epithelial cells that line the bronchioles
- D. excessive mucus production in the lower respiratory pathways
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Rationale:
A: Emphysema is characterized by the destruction of alveolar walls and loss of elasticity of the lungs, leading to air trapping and difficulty exhaling. This results in reduced gas exchange and airflow limitation.
B: Bronchospasms are more commonly associated with conditions like asthma, not emphysema.
C: Abnormal growth of epithelial cells is seen in conditions like lung cancer, not emphysema.
D: Excessive mucus production is characteristic of conditions like chronic bronchitis, not emphysema.
Summary: The correct answer is A because emphysema specifically involves the loss of elasticity of the lungs due to destruction of alveoli, leading to impaired airflow. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect as they describe features more indicative of other respiratory conditions.
Rolling' of neutrophils on endothelial cells is mediated by:
- A. Selectins expressed on endothelial cells
- B. Integrins expressed on leukocytes
- C. Chemokines such as CXCL-8 (IL-8)
- D. TNF
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Selectins expressed on endothelial cells. Rolling of neutrophils on endothelial cells is a crucial step in the process of inflammation and immune response. Selectins are cell adhesion molecules expressed on endothelial cells that facilitate the initial interaction between leukocytes (such as neutrophils) and endothelial cells. This interaction allows for the rolling of neutrophils along the endothelial surface, which is essential for the subsequent steps of adhesion and transmigration into the tissues. Integrins (Choice B) are involved in the firm adhesion of leukocytes to endothelial cells, not in the initial rolling process. Chemokines (Choice C) such as CXCL-8 are signaling molecules that help in the recruitment of leukocytes but do not directly mediate the rolling process. TNF (Choice D) is a pro-inflammatory cytokine but is not directly involved in the rolling of neutrophils on endothelial cells.