Nokea
In immune response mechanism clonal selection is a process in which:
- A. a special type of clone cell line is identified in a cell culture
- B. the proliferation and differentiation of lymphocytes occur in response to a specific antigen
- C. cloning of a specific gene is done by inserting the same into a bacteria by recombinant DNA technology
- D. selection of an appropriate cell type is done for the purpose of cloning
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because in immune response mechanism, clonal selection refers to the process where lymphocytes (T and B cells) proliferate and differentiate in response to a specific antigen. This process ensures that the immune system can effectively target and eliminate pathogens.
Option A is incorrect because clonal selection does not refer to identifying a specific type of clone cell line in cell culture.
Option C is incorrect because clonal selection does not involve cloning a specific gene by inserting it into bacteria using recombinant DNA technology.
Option D is incorrect because clonal selection is not about selecting an appropriate cell type for cloning purposes.
In summary, the correct answer, option B, best describes the process of clonal selection in the context of the immune response mechanism.
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Ferrets have recently been objects of an intense debate within the scientific community in the field of Flu research because
- A. Of a recent outbreak caused by a novel Influenza strain
- B. Of a recent outbreak caused by a highly virulent H1N1 strain
- C. Mutations have been introduced in H5N1 creating a strain transmissible among these mammals
- D. Two publications on this animal model for Flu were put on hold due to biosecurity reasons
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C because it indicates a specific reason for the intense debate within the scientific community regarding ferrets in Flu research. Mutations in H5N1 creating a strain transmissible among ferrets is significant as it highlights a potential threat of cross-species transmission and the need for further study.
A is incorrect as it does not provide a specific reason related to ferrets and their role in Flu research. B is incorrect because it focuses on a specific strain (H1N1) rather than mutations in H5N1. D is incorrect as it mentions publications being put on hold but does not address the core issue of mutations and transmissibility among ferrets.
Superoxide dismutase is an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of oxygen radicals to peroxides. Which groups of organisms do not have this enzyme?
- A. aerobes
- B. facultative anaerobes
- C. oxyduric anaerobes
- D. oxylabile anaerobes
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: oxylabile anaerobes. These organisms cannot survive in the presence of oxygen and are sensitive to oxygen radicals. Superoxide dismutase is essential for organisms that are exposed to oxygen, as it helps convert harmful oxygen radicals into less harmful peroxides. Therefore, organisms that lack this enzyme, like oxylabile anaerobes, would not be able to detoxify oxygen radicals and would not survive in aerobic environments.
A: Aerobes have superoxide dismutase to protect against oxygen radicals.
B: Facultative anaerobes can switch between aerobic and anaerobic metabolism and would benefit from having superoxide dismutase.
C: Oxyduric anaerobes are resistant to oxygen and can still benefit from superoxide dismutase for detoxification.
The nurse has administered prescribed allergen injections twice a week for several weeks to an individual with a bee sting allergy. The patient misses three appointments. What action should the nurse take on the patient's next visit?
- A. Consult physician to confirm the dosage to be given.
- B. Administer the same dosage as was given at the last visit.
- C. Administer the dosage as originally prescribed for that visit.
- D. Tell the patient that the entire immunotherapy schedule needs to be restarted.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Consult physician to confirm the dosage to be given. The nurse should consult the physician because missing three appointments may affect the patient's progress and tolerance to the allergen injections. The physician needs to reassess the situation and determine the appropriate action, which may involve adjusting the dosage or reevaluating the treatment plan. This ensures patient safety and effectiveness of the treatment.
Summary:
B: Administering the same dosage as the last visit may not be appropriate without physician consultation.
C: Administering the dosage as originally prescribed may not account for any changes in the patient's condition.
D: Restarting the entire immunotherapy schedule is an extreme measure and should only be considered after consultation with the physician.
Which of the following complement components mediate inflammation?
- A. C3b
- B. C3a, C4a, and C5a
- C. C5b
- D. C1q
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B (C3a, C4a, and C5a) because these complement components are known as anaphylatoxins that mediate inflammation by inducing vasodilation, increasing vascular permeability, and recruiting immune cells. C3b (choice A) is involved in opsonization, not inflammation. C5b (choice C) is part of the membrane attack complex for cell lysis. C1q (choice D) initiates the classical complement pathway, but it does not directly mediate inflammation.
Priority Decision: What is the most important nursing intervention for the prevention and treatment of pressure ulcers?
- A. Using pressure-reduction devices
- B. Massaging pressure areas with lotion
- C. Repositioning the patient a minimum of every 2 hours
- D. Using lift sheets and trapeze bars to facilitate patient movement
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Regular repositioning prevents prolonged pressure on vulnerable areas, reducing the risk of tissue ischemia and necrosis.