Nokea
Anemia
- A. cancer of white blood cells
- B. results in extra leukocytes that do not function properly
- C. is usually fatal unless treated
- D. Abnormally low amounts of hemoglobin or red blood cells
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because anemia is defined as having abnormally low amounts of hemoglobin or red blood cells, leading to reduced oxygen-carrying capacity. This results in symptoms such as fatigue and weakness. Choice A is incorrect because anemia is not related to cancer of white blood cells. Choice B is incorrect as anemia does not result in extra leukocytes; rather, it leads to a decrease in red blood cells. Choice C is incorrect as anemia is not usually fatal if treated promptly and effectively.
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To prevent the debilitating cycle of fatigue-depression-fatigue in patients receiving radiation therapy, what should the nurse encourage the patient to do?
- A. Implement a walking program
- B. Ignore the fatigue as much as possible
- C. Do the most stressful activities when fatigue is tolerable
- D. Schedule rest periods throughout the day whether fatigue is present or not
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Scheduled rest periods help break the cycle of fatigue and depression.
Multi-photon microscopy has proved to be an invaluable tool for the evaluation of the dynamics of immune responses in vivo. The following is a list of observations derived from intra-vital microscopy. Identify the incorrect statement.
- A. T cells make stable and prolonged contacts with APC presenting the specific antigen in the paracortex
- B. In the absence of antigens B cells move at the same speed and randomly in follicles
- C. In the presence of infection specific B cells quickly direct themselves towards the source of antigen
- D. Dendritic cells move rapidly through the germinal centre during an immune response
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because dendritic cells do not typically move rapidly through the germinal center during an immune response. Dendritic cells usually interact with T cells in the paracortex to present antigens, and they are not known to migrate rapidly through the germinal center.
A: This statement is correct as T cells do make stable and prolonged contacts with APCs in the paracortex during immune responses.
B: This statement is incorrect as B cells do not move at the same speed and randomly in follicles in the absence of antigens. They respond to signals and cues in the microenvironment.
C: This statement is correct as specific B cells can quickly direct themselves towards the source of antigen during an infection.
In summary, choice D is incorrect because dendritic cells do not move rapidly through the germinal center during an immune response, while the other choices accurately describe behaviors of immune cells during immune responses.
A patient with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) has a negative tuberculosis (TB) skin test. Which nursing action is indicated next?
- A. Obtain a chest x-ray and sputum smear.
- B. No further action is needed after the negative skin test.
- C. Teach about the anti-tuberculosis drug isoniazid (INH).
- D. Schedule TB testing again in 6 months.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: A negative TB skin test in an immunocompromised patient such as one with AIDS does not rule out TB infection. Further diagnostic testing such as a chest x-ray and sputum smear is necessary to confirm the absence of TB. Teaching about INH or scheduling another test is premature without further diagnostic confirmation.
Which of the following is not usually observed in severe Covid-19 cases?
- A. Prompt and sustained production of type I Interferon
- B. Autoantibodies
- C. A delayed CD4 T cell response
- D. Elevated levels of inflammatory cytokines
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Step-by-step rationale:
1. In severe Covid-19 cases, there is usually a dysregulated immune response.
2. Type I Interferon plays a crucial role in early antiviral defense.
3. However, in severe cases, there is often a blunted or delayed response of type I Interferon.
4. This delayed response contributes to viral persistence and hyperinflammation.
5. Therefore, the prompt and sustained production of type I Interferon is not usually observed in severe Covid-19 cases.
Summary:
- Choice A is correct as the prompt and sustained production of type I Interferon is not typically observed in severe Covid-19 cases.
- Choices B, C, and D are incorrect as autoantibodies, a delayed CD4 T cell response, and elevated levels of inflammatory cytokines are commonly observed in severe Covid-19 cases.
After engagement of its pattern recognition receptors what happens to a dendritic cell to enable its role in naïve T cell activation?
- A. Expression of MHC class I molecules begins
- B. Increased uptake of antigens
- C. Expression of the B7 molecule
- D. PAMP-induced proliferation
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: After engagement of pattern recognition receptors, dendritic cells upregulate expression of the B7 molecule, which is essential for co-stimulation of naïve T cells. This step is crucial for activating T cells. MHC class I molecules present antigens to CD8+ T cells, not CD4+ T cells, so choice A is incorrect. Dendritic cells already have high antigen uptake ability, so choice B is not directly related to activation. PAMP-induced proliferation is not a typical response of dendritic cells after pattern recognition receptor engagement, making choice D incorrect.