Nokea
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of innate immunity?
- A. Always present and functional
- B. Has memory to improve responses over time
- C. Recognizes pathogens in a non-specific manner
- D. Can respond immediately
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Correct Answer: B
Rationale:
1. Innate immunity is the first line of defense and does not have memory.
2. Memory is a characteristic of adaptive immunity, not innate immunity.
3. Adaptive immunity improves responses over time through memory.
4. Innate immunity is always present, functional, non-specific, and responds immediately.
Summary:
A: Always present and functional - Correct, innate immunity is always ready.
B: Has memory to improve responses over time - Incorrect, innate immunity lacks memory.
C: Recognizes pathogens in a non-specific manner - Correct, innate immunity is non-specific.
D: Can respond immediately - Correct, innate immunity acts rapidly.
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Which cytokine group is most commonly associated with antiviral responses?
- A. Interleukins
- B. Interferons
- C. Tumor necrosis factors
- D. Transforming growth factors
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Interferons are the correct answer as they are a cytokine group primarily associated with antiviral responses. They play a key role in the immune response against viral infections by inhibiting viral replication and spreading to other cells. Interleukins are more diverse and involved in various immune responses, not specifically antiviral. Tumor necrosis factors are more related to inflammation and cell death. Transforming growth factors are involved in cell growth and differentiation, not primarily antiviral responses. Therefore, B: Interferons is the most appropriate choice for cytokine group associated with antiviral responses.
Secondary lymphoid tissues are where:
- A. Lymphocyte precursors become mature
- B. Inflammation occurs during re-infection with a given pathogen
- C. Lymphocytes become activated by antigen
- D. Gene rearrangement takes place
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C because secondary lymphoid tissues, like lymph nodes and spleen, are where lymphocytes encounter antigens and become activated. This process leads to the proliferation and differentiation of lymphocytes, enabling them to mount an immune response against specific pathogens. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect because A pertains to primary lymphoid tissues, B describes a localized immune response, and D refers to the process of gene rearrangement that occurs in the primary lymphoid tissues during lymphocyte development.
A nurse attends a seminar on the immune system and learns about the different lymphocytes in the body. Where do the T lymphocytes originate from and where do they travel to?
- A. Bone marrow and the lymph nodes
- B. Bone marrow and plasma
- C. Bone marrow and spleen
- D. Bone marrow and thymus
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: T lymphocytes originate in the bone marrow and mature in the thymus where they become specialized for immune responses.
What is the normal range for the hematocrit value in a healthy adult?
- A. 20-40%
- B. 40-60%
- C. 60-80%
- D. 80-100%
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: 40-60%. Hematocrit represents the percentage of red blood cells in the blood. The normal range for hematocrit in a healthy adult is typically around 40-60%. Values below 40% may indicate anemia, while values above 60% may suggest conditions like dehydration or polycythemia. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because they fall outside the normal range for hematocrit levels in a healthy adult.
Dendritic cells migrating from tissues enter the lymph nodes through
- A. Thoracic duct
- B. HEV
- C. Afferent lymphatics
- D. Efferent lymphatics
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Afferent lymphatics. Dendritic cells migrate from tissues to lymph nodes through afferent lymphatics, which are small vessels that carry lymph into the lymph nodes. Once inside the lymph nodes, dendritic cells interact with T cells to initiate immune responses. The thoracic duct (A) drains lymph from the entire body into the bloodstream, not directly into lymph nodes. High endothelial venules (HEV) (B) are specialized blood vessels in lymph nodes where lymphocytes enter from the bloodstream, not dendritic cells. Efferent lymphatics (D) carry lymph out of the lymph nodes, not into them.