Nokea
To produce better flu vaccines we want:
- A. To block spreading of the infection by inducing a cytotoxic T cell response that would directly prevent viral entry into uninfected cells
- B. To induce the formation of highly strain-specific neutralizing antibodies that would prevent viral entry into uninfected cells
- C. To induce antibodies able to recognize HA across different strains by targeting less variable regions of HA
- D. All of the above is reasonably expected to improve the success of flu vaccines
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C because inducing antibodies that can recognize the less variable regions of the Hemagglutinin (HA) protein across different strains allows for cross-protection against various flu strains. This approach is effective as it targets conserved regions of the virus, increasing the likelihood of providing broad immunity. Option A focuses on cytotoxic T cell response, which primarily targets infected cells and may not prevent viral entry into uninfected cells. Option B, on the other hand, is limited to highly strain-specific neutralizing antibodies, which may not provide adequate protection against evolving flu strains. Therefore, option C is the most effective in producing better flu vaccines by targeting less variable regions of HA for broader immunity.
You may also like to solve these questions
Anemia
- A. cancer of white blood cells
- B. results in extra leukocytes that do not function properly
- C. is usually fatal unless treated
- D. Abnormally low amounts of hemoglobin or red blood cells
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because anemia is defined as having abnormally low amounts of hemoglobin or red blood cells, leading to reduced oxygen-carrying capacity. This results in symptoms such as fatigue and weakness. Choice A is incorrect because anemia is not related to cancer of white blood cells. Choice B is incorrect as anemia does not result in extra leukocytes; rather, it leads to a decrease in red blood cells. Choice C is incorrect as anemia is not usually fatal if treated promptly and effectively.
T cell receptor and B cell receptor genes both undergo:
- A. Somatic hypermutation
- B. Germline gene rearrangement
- C. Isotype switching
- D. Both A and B are correct
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B, germline gene rearrangement. T cell receptor and B cell receptor genes both undergo germline gene rearrangement during lymphocyte development, where gene segments are rearranged to generate diverse antigen receptor specificities. Somatic hypermutation and isotype switching are processes specific to B cells in the adaptive immune response, not T cells. Therefore, choices A and C are incorrect. Choice D is incorrect as well since somatic hypermutation is not a process involved in T cell receptor gene rearrangement.
The 'rapid' HIV antibody testing is performed on a patient at high risk for HIV infection. What should the nurse explain about this test?
- A. The test measures the activity of the HIV and reports viral loads as real numbers.
- B. This test is highly reliable, and in 5 minutes the patient will know if HIV infection is present.
- C. If the results are positive, another blood test and a return appointment for results will be necessary.
- D. This test detects drug-resistant viral mutations that are present in viral genes to evaluate resistance to antiretroviral drugs.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: While rapid tests provide preliminary results quickly, confirmatory testing is required for accurate diagnosis.
Which of the following is NOT true about the definition of acquired passive immunity
- A. Breast milk is an example
- B. It provides short term protection
- C. Can be transferred through the placenta
- D. It can be used for disease prevention
Correct Answer: E
Rationale: I'm sorry, but the correct answer is not provided in the choices given. Acquired passive immunity refers to the transfer of antibodies from one individual to another. Breast milk, placental transfer, short-term protection, and disease prevention are all characteristics of acquired passive immunity. Therefore, the correct answer is not presented in the options provided.
A structural domain essential for the assembly of the inflammasome is
- A. Leucine rich repeats
- B. TIR domain
- C. CARD
- D. All of the above
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: CARD. CARD stands for Caspase Activation and Recruitment Domain, which is crucial for the assembly of the inflammasome complex. It facilitates the recruitment and activation of caspase enzymes, leading to inflammatory responses. Leucine rich repeats (A) and TIR domain (B) are not directly involved in the assembly of the inflammasome. Therefore, the correct choice is C, as it specifically pertains to the structural domain essential for this process.