Respiratory System Exam Questions

Respiratory System Exam Questions Related

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Chloride shift occurs from the plasma to the RBC and is meant for

  • A. Formation of Hemoglobinic acid
  • B. Formation of Bicarbonates
  • C. To keep electrostatic neutrality of RBC membrane
  • D. To transport CO2
Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: To keep electrostatic neutrality of RBC membrane. Chloride shift helps maintain the balance of charges inside and outside red blood cells (RBCs) to prevent excessive positive or negative charges, ensuring the electrostatic neutrality of the RBC membrane. This process involves the exchange of chloride ions between the plasma and RBCs, with chloride moving into the RBCs to balance the outflow of bicarbonate ions during the transport of CO2. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect as they do not directly relate to the primary function of chloride shift, which is to maintain the electrostatic neutrality of the RBC membrane. Hemoglobinic acid formation, bicarbonate formation, and CO2 transport are secondary outcomes of the chloride shift process, but the main purpose is to regulate the charge balance within the RBCs.

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Life-long nonsmokers live an average of how much longer than those who, in their mid-twenties, smoked two packs of cigarettes a day?

  • A. 6 months
  • B. 1-2 years
  • C. over 12 years
  • D. 7-9 years
Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: over 12 years. Life-long nonsmokers live significantly longer than those who smoke heavily in their mid-twenties. Smoking two packs of cigarettes a day significantly increases the risk of various health conditions leading to premature death. On average, smoking can reduce life expectancy by over 10 years. Therefore, the correct answer is over 12 years. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect as they underestimate the impact of smoking on life expectancy and do not adequately reflect the significant difference in longevity between smokers and life-long nonsmokers.

You are the team leader RN working with a student nurse. The student nurse is to teach the client how to use a multidose inhaler without a spacer. Put the steps that the student nurse should teach the client in correct order.

  • A. Remove the inhaler cap and shake the inhaler.
  • B. Tilt your head back and breathe out fully.
  • C. Press down firmly on the canister and breathe deeply through your mouth.
  • D. Wait at least 1 minute between puffs.
Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct order is: A (remove cap and shake), B (tilt head back and breathe out), C (press down and breathe in), D (wait between puffs). This sequence ensures proper inhaler technique.

Carbon dioxide and water combine to form

  • A. hydrochloric acid
  • B. oxygen
  • C. carbonic acid
  • D. carbaminohemoglobin
Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: carbonic acid. When carbon dioxide and water combine, they form carbonic acid through a chemical reaction known as hydration. This process is essential for the transportation of carbon dioxide in the blood and plays a crucial role in maintaining the body's pH balance. Hydrochloric acid (A) is formed by the reaction of hydrogen chloride gas with water. Oxygen (B) is not a product of the reaction between carbon dioxide and water. Carbaminohemoglobin (D) is a compound formed by the binding of carbon dioxide to hemoglobin in red blood cells, not a direct product of the reaction between carbon dioxide and water.

What is the effect of carbonic anhydrase inhibition on the excretion of bicarbonate in the urine?

  • A. Increased excretion
  • B. Decreased excretion
  • C. No effect on excretion
  • D. Increased reabsorption
Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Carbonic anhydrase catalyzes the conversion of carbon dioxide and water to bicarbonate and hydrogen ions in the kidney. Inhibiting carbonic anhydrase reduces bicarbonate reabsorption, leading to increased excretion of bicarbonate in the urine. Therefore, the correct answer is A.

Incorrect choices:
B: Inhibiting carbonic anhydrase would decrease bicarbonate reabsorption, resulting in increased excretion, not decreased.
C: Inhibition of carbonic anhydrase does have an effect on bicarbonate excretion.
D: Inhibiting carbonic anhydrase would not increase reabsorption but rather decrease it, leading to increased excretion.

Which of these does not affect diffusion rate?

  • A. Surface area for diffusion
  • B. Concentration gradient
  • C. Solubility of gas
  • D. Molecular weight of gas
Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: Molecular weight of gas. Diffusion rate is inversely proportional to the square root of the molecular weight of the gas. This means that as the molecular weight increases, the diffusion rate decreases. This is because heavier molecules move more slowly and have a harder time diffusing through a medium. Surface area for diffusion, concentration gradient, and solubility of gas all directly affect diffusion rate. Increasing the surface area for diffusion allows for more space for molecules to diffuse, a steeper concentration gradient increases the rate of diffusion, and higher solubility of gas in a medium enhances the diffusion rate.

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