Nokea
Chlorocruorin is a copper-containing blood pigment found in some annelids like Sabella. Its colour in both oxygenated and deoxygenated states is
- A. Blue
- B. Red
- C. Green
- D. Blue red
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Step 1: Chlorocruorin contains copper, giving it a green color.
Step 2: In oxygenated state, chlorocruorin appears green due to the presence of copper.
Step 3: In deoxygenated state, chlorocruorin retains its green color.
Step 4: Therefore, the correct answer is C: Green.
Summary: A (Blue) and B (Red) are incorrect as chlorocruorin is green due to copper. D (Blue red) is incorrect as it does not reflect the true color of chlorocruorin.
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A nurse is caring for a client with acute respiratory distress syndrome. Which of the following would the nurse expect to note in the client?
- A. Decreased respiratory rate.
- B. Pallor.
- C. Low arterial PaO2.
- D. An elevated arterial PaO2.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Low arterial PaO2. In acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), there is impaired gas exchange leading to hypoxemia. Low arterial PaO2 indicates poor oxygenation in the blood, a hallmark of ARDS. Decreased respiratory rate (A) is unlikely as the body compensates by increasing respiratory effort. Pallor (B) is a general sign of reduced blood flow and not specific to ARDS. An elevated arterial PaO2 (D) would not be expected in ARDS, as it signifies adequate oxygenation.
Delegation Decision: The nurse is caring for a patient with COPD. Which intervention could be delegated to unlicensed assistive personnel (UAP)?
- A. Assist the patient to get out of bed.
- B. Auscultate breath sounds every 4 hours.
- C. Plan patient activities to minimize exertion.
- D. Teach the patient pursed lip breathing technique.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Assisting the patient to get out of bed can be safely delegated to unlicensed assistive personnel (UAP) as it does not require specialized nursing knowledge or skills. It is a basic activity of daily living that can be delegated to support staff while allowing nurses to focus on more complex patient care tasks.
A nurse cares for a client who has hypertension that has not responded well to several medications. The client states compliance is not an issue. What action would the nurse take next?
- A. Assess the client for obstructive sleep apnea.
- B. Arrange a home sleep apnea test.
- C. Encourage the client to begin exercising.
- D. Schedule a polysomnography
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Assess the client for obstructive sleep apnea. Hypertension that is not responding to medications may be due to underlying sleep apnea, a common comorbidity. By assessing for obstructive sleep apnea, the nurse can identify a potential contributing factor to the client's uncontrolled hypertension. This step is crucial in managing the client's condition effectively.
Summary of other choices:
B: Arranging a home sleep apnea test may be premature without first assessing the client for obstructive sleep apnea.
C: Encouraging the client to begin exercising is important for overall health but may not directly address the uncontrolled hypertension.
D: Scheduling a polysomnography may be necessary if obstructive sleep apnea is suspected after the initial assessment.
Which of the following structures separates the lung into lobes?
- A. mediastinum
- B. fissure
- C. root
- D. pleura
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: fissure. A fissure is a deep groove or division that separates the lung into lobes. Each lung has fissures that divide it into lobes: the right lung has an oblique fissure and a horizontal fissure, while the left lung has an oblique fissure. The mediastinum (A) is the central compartment of the thoracic cavity. The root (C) is the area where structures such as blood vessels and bronchi enter or exit the lung. The pleura (D) is a membrane that covers the lungs but does not separate them into lobes.
After inspiration commences the:
- A. Intrapleural pressure and intrapulmonary P both fall
- B. Intrapleural pressure falls and intrapulmonary P rises
- C. Intrapleural pressure falls and venous return decreases
- D. Intrapulmonary pressure rises and volume of the alveoli is momentarily unchanged
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: After inspiration commences, the diaphragm contracts and the thoracic cavity expands. This leads to a decrease in intrapleural pressure, allowing the lungs to expand. Simultaneously, intrapulmonary pressure decreases, creating a pressure gradient for air to flow into the lungs. Choice A is correct because both intrapleural pressure and intrapulmonary pressure fall during inspiration.
Choice B is incorrect because intrapulmonary pressure actually decreases during inspiration, not rises. Choice C is incorrect because intrapleural pressure falling does not directly correlate with a decrease in venous return. Choice D is incorrect because during inspiration, the volume of the alveoli increases as the lungs expand, causing intrapulmonary pressure to decrease.