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After receiving a change-of-shift report on four patients admitted to a heart failure unit ,which patient should the nurse assess first?
- A. A patient who reported dizziness after receiving the first dose of captopril.
- B. A patient who has new-onset confusion and restlessness and cool clammy skin.
- C. A patient who is receiving IV nesiritide (Natrecor)
- D. A patient who is receiving oxygen and has crackles bilaterally in the lung bases.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because new-onset confusion, restlessness, and cool clammy skin are signs of poor perfusion and potential deterioration. The nurse should assess this patient first to address possible acute changes in condition. Option A, dizziness after captopril, can be important but not immediately life-threatening. Option C receiving IV nesiritide is stable and monitored closely. Option D with oxygen and crackles indicates pulmonary congestion but is not an immediate priority compared to the signs of poor perfusion in option B.
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Number of alveoli in the two human lungs is
- A. 600-800 millions
- B. 200-300 millions
- C. 1-2 millions
- D. 100,000-150,000 millions
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A (600-800 millions) because the alveoli are tiny air sacs in the lungs responsible for gas exchange. An adult human lung has approximately 300-400 million alveoli, with two lungs totaling 600-800 million. Choice B (200-300 millions) and C (1-2 millions) are incorrect because they underestimate the total number of alveoli in both lungs. Choice D (100,000-150,000 millions) is incorrect as it overestimates the number of alveoli by a significant margin.
The nurse is caring for a patient immediately postoperative after a left pneumonectomy. How should the nurse position the patient?
- A. In high Fowler position
- B. In semi-Fowler position
- C. In a right side-lying position
- D. In a left side-lying position
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Step-by-step rationale for why choice D is correct:
1. Post-pneumonectomy, positioning the patient on the left side allows the remaining lung to expand fully.
2. This position promotes better ventilation and perfusion, aiding in oxygenation.
3. Placing the patient on the left side also helps prevent pressure on the surgical site.
4. The left side-lying position also facilitates drainage and prevents pooling of secretions in the surgical area.
Summary of why other choices are incorrect:
A. High Fowler position may cause increased pressure on the surgical site and impede lung expansion.
B. Semi-Fowler position may not optimize lung expansion and could lead to decreased oxygenation.
C. Right side-lying position is not ideal as it does not facilitate full expansion of the remaining lung and may cause pooling of secretions.
The nurse has assessed a patient's family history for three generations. The presence of
which respiratory disease would justify this type of assessment?
- A. Asthma
- B. Obstructive sleep apnea
- C. Community-acquired pneumonia
- D. Pulmonary edema
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Step-by-step rationale:
1. Asthma is a hereditary respiratory disease, making it important to assess family history.
2. Genetic predisposition plays a role in the development of asthma.
3. Understanding family history helps in identifying potential risk factors.
4. Obstructive sleep apnea, community-acquired pneumonia, and pulmonary edema are not typically hereditary respiratory diseases.
5. Therefore, assessing family history for three generations is justified for asthma.
What is an advantage of a tracheostomy over an endotracheal (ET) tube for long-term management of an upper airway obstruction?
- A. A tracheostomy is safer to perform in an emergency.
- B. An ET tube has a higher risk of tracheal pressure necrosis.
- C. A tracheostomy tube allows for more comfort and mobility.
- D. An ET tube is more likely to lead to lower respiratory tract infection.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: A tracheostomy tube allows for more comfort and mobility compared to an endotracheal tube, making it preferable for long-term management of an upper airway obstruction. The ability to speak, eat, and move more freely with a tracheostomy tube can significantly improve the quality of life for the patient.
Chlorocruorin is a copper-containing blood pigment found in some annelids like Sabella. Its colour in both oxygenated and deoxygenated states is
- A. Blue
- B. Red
- C. Green
- D. Blue red
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Step 1: Chlorocruorin contains copper, giving it a green color.
Step 2: In oxygenated state, chlorocruorin appears green due to the presence of copper.
Step 3: In deoxygenated state, chlorocruorin retains its green color.
Step 4: Therefore, the correct answer is C: Green.
Summary: A (Blue) and B (Red) are incorrect as chlorocruorin is green due to copper. D (Blue red) is incorrect as it does not reflect the true color of chlorocruorin.