Nokea
Stimulation of the apneustic center would result in
- A. increased respiratory rate
- B. more intense inhalation
- C. a shorter respiratory cycle
- D. less activity in the DRG center
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: more intense inhalation. The apneustic center is responsible for prolonging inhalation by stimulating the inspiratory neurons in the medulla oblongata. When the apneustic center is stimulated, it disrupts the normal breathing pattern, causing a prolonged and more intense inhalation. This results in deeper and more forceful breaths.
Incorrect choices:
A: increased respiratory rate - Stimulation of the apneustic center would not lead to an increased respiratory rate, but rather to changes in the depth and intensity of inhalation.
C: a shorter respiratory cycle - The apneustic center's stimulation does not lead to a shorter respiratory cycle, but rather to a prolonged inhalation phase.
D: less activity in the DRG center - The dorsal respiratory group (DRG) is responsible for initiating inspiration, and the apneustic center does not affect its activity.
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What is the relationship between the pressures at label '3'?
- A. P outside = P inside
- B. P outside > P inside
- C. P outside < P inside
- D. P outside + P inside
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because at label '3', the pressure outside the system is higher than the pressure inside. This is based on the principle that pressure decreases with increasing elevation. As we move upward in a fluid column, the pressure decreases. Therefore, in this scenario, the pressure outside the system (higher elevation) will be greater than the pressure inside the system (lower elevation).
A: P outside = P inside - Incorrect, as explained above, pressures are not equal at label '3'.
C: P outside < P inside - Incorrect, pressures are not in this relationship at label '3'.
D: P outside + P inside - Incorrect, this is not a valid comparison of pressures at label '3'.
After receiving a change-of-shift report on four patients admitted to a heart failure unit ,which patient should the nurse assess first?
- A. A patient who reported dizziness after receiving the first dose of captopril.
- B. A patient who has new-onset confusion and restlessness and cool clammy skin.
- C. A patient who is receiving IV nesiritide (Natrecor)
- D. A patient who is receiving oxygen and has crackles bilaterally in the lung bases.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because new-onset confusion, restlessness, and cool clammy skin are signs of poor perfusion and potential deterioration. The nurse should assess this patient first to address possible acute changes in condition. Option A, dizziness after captopril, can be important but not immediately life-threatening. Option C receiving IV nesiritide is stable and monitored closely. Option D with oxygen and crackles indicates pulmonary congestion but is not an immediate priority compared to the signs of poor perfusion in option B.
The nurse has assessed a patient's family history for three generations. The presence of
which respiratory disease would justify this type of assessment?
- A. Asthma
- B. Obstructive sleep apnea
- C. Community-acquired pneumonia
- D. Pulmonary edema
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Step-by-step rationale:
1. Asthma is a hereditary respiratory disease, making it important to assess family history.
2. Genetic predisposition plays a role in the development of asthma.
3. Understanding family history helps in identifying potential risk factors.
4. Obstructive sleep apnea, community-acquired pneumonia, and pulmonary edema are not typically hereditary respiratory diseases.
5. Therefore, assessing family history for three generations is justified for asthma.
2,3 DPG causes shifting of Oxygen dissociation curve in Adult Hb to Right because
- A. It increases Oxygen affinity for Hemoglobin
- B. It binds to Beta chain of Hb
- C. Its concentration is high in adults
- D. It lacks Hb binding sites
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because 2,3 DPG binds to the Beta chain of Hemoglobin, reducing its oxygen affinity, causing a right shift in the Oxygen dissociation curve. This change allows for easier oxygen unloading in tissues. Choice A is incorrect as 2,3 DPG decreases, not increases, oxygen affinity. Choice C is irrelevant as its concentration is not a factor in the shifting of the curve. Choice D is incorrect as 2,3 DPG does bind to Hemoglobin, specifically to the Beta chain.
The maximum amount of air that can be taken into the lungs in a single deep breath is the
- A. vital capacity.
- B. tidal volume
- C. pleural volume.
- D. alveolar volume.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: vital capacity. Vital capacity is the maximum amount of air a person can exhale after taking the deepest breath possible. It is calculated by adding tidal volume, inspiratory reserve volume, and expiratory reserve volume together. This measurement reflects the maximum lung capacity and is important in assessing lung function. Tidal volume (B) is the amount of air inhaled and exhaled during normal breathing cycles. Pleural volume (C) refers to the space between the lungs and the chest wall. Alveolar volume (D) is the amount of air in the alveoli available for gas exchange. These choices are incorrect as they do not represent the maximum air intake capacity of the lungs.