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Choose the correct answer(s). In some questions, more than one answer is correct. Select all that apply. Which of the following theorists discussed cognitive development and how learning is developed?
- A. Erik Erikson
- B. Jean Piaget
- C. Lawrence Kohlberg
- D. James Fowler
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Jean Piaget is known for his theory of cognitive development, which describes how children develop intellectual abilities through stages like sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational.
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Match the stage, according to Erikson, to the appropriate age range. Autonomy vs. shame/doubt
- A. Birth to 18 months
- B. 18 months to 3 years
- C. 3 years to 5 years
- D. 5 years to 12 years
- E. 12 years to 18 years
- F. 18 years to 40 years
- G. 40 years to 65 years
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Erikson's autonomy vs. shame/doubt stage occurs from 18 months to 3 years, where toddlers develop independence.
Choose the correct answer(s). In some questions, more than one answer is correct. Select all that apply. A 15-year-old boy has been hospitalized. What is an appropriate intervention for this age, according to Erik Erikson?
- A. Encourage the boy's friends to visit
- B. Encourage the parents to assist the boy
- C. Notify the clergy to intervene
- D. Encourage the boy's girlfriend to visit
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: In Erikson's identity vs. role confusion stage (12-18 years), peer relationships are crucial for developing a sense of self. Encouraging friends to visit supports this developmental need.
Indicate whether the following statements are True (T) or False (F)." Learning abilities decline significantly in older adults.
- A. TRUE
- B. FALSE
Correct Answer: F
Rationale: False, While processing speed may slow, older adults retain significant learning ability to learn with appropriate support and time.
Match Kohlberg's stages of moral development with their descriptions. Social rules and legal orientation.
- A. Young adolescent focuses on being good and fair helping others, not just to follow the rules, but to feel good rather about than motives what might be best,
- B. Adult's behavior is motivated by the desire to follow internal values and moral principles,
- C. Child equates doing right equates with no punishment and doing wrong with punishment,
- D. Young adolescent follows laws for the greater good for laws for the greater good and because respect of respect for authority for authority, for laws,
- E. Adult has concern for human rights and dignity; desires impartial interpretation of justice, justice, justice
- F. Child focuses on what is fair rather than what is fair rather than what might be best for the larger group for the larger group.
Correct Answer: E
Rationale: In Kohlberg's postconventional level, social contract orientation (stage 5) involves valuing human rights and justice through flexible laws.
Choose the correct answer(s). In some questions, more than one answer is correct. Select all that apply. You are the school nurse in a large high school. A female student comes to you and asks you about the signs and symptoms of various sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). Which of the following is the best response?
- A. Let the teenager know you are shocked that she needs to ask these questions.
- B. Refer her to different brochures and resources about STDs.
- C. Answer her questions and ask her if she is concerned that she may have an STD.
- D. Ask her what symptoms she is having and reassure that they are probably not signs of an STD. This will gain her trust.
Correct Answer: B,C
Rationale: Providing accurate information and assessing concerns respects the teen's autonomy (Erikson's identity vs. role confusion stage) and promotes health education.