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Fill in the ages and focus for each level of Kohlberg's moral development theory. Preconventional Level: Focus
- A. Following internal moral principles
- B. Avoiding punishment and seeking personal gain
- C. Maintaining social order
- D. Upholding universal ethics
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The focus of Kohlberg's preconventional level is on avoiding punishment and seeking personal gain, driven by self-interest.
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Match Kohlberg's stages of moral development with their descriptions. Individualism and relativism.
- A. Young adolescent focuses on being good and helping others, not just focusing to on follow what the rules is but fair to feel good rather about than motives what,
- B. Adult's behavior is motivated by the desire to follow internal values and moral principles.
- C. Child equates doing right with no punishment and doing wrong with punishment.
- D. Young adolescent follows laws for the greater good and because of respect for laws for authority,
- E. Adult has concern for human rights and dignity; desires impartial interpretation of justice,
- F. Child focuses on what is fair rather than what might be best for the larger group.
Correct Answer: F
Rationale: In Kohlberg's preconventional level, individualism and relativism (stage 2) involves children focusing on fairness and personal benefit.
Choose the correct answer(s). In some questions, more than one answer is correct. Select all that apply. You are caring for a 2-year-old child whose mother became a drug addict after the child was born. The child was severely neglected. Which of the following statements represents the best description of this child's psychosocial developmental status?
- A. The child is probably still in the first developmental stage: trust versus mistrust.
- B. The child probably does not feel trusting of people and is in the second developmental stage: autonomy versus shame and doubt.
- C. The child is in the second developmental stage: autonomy versus shame and doubt.
- D. The child has passed the age of the first developmental stage but did not reach the milestone of trust; therefore, he will stay in this stage until he can feel trusting.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Neglect during infancy likely prevented the child from developing trust (Erikson's trust vs. mistrust stage, birth to 18 months), keeping them in this stage despite being 2 years old.
Match the stage, according to Erikson, to the appropriate age range. Seek sense of self and plan according to one's abilities
- A. Recognize accomplishments and provide emotional support
- B. Keep realistic expectations for behavior and recognize accomplishments
- C. Review accomplishments made by the person
- D. Increase independence; provide praise and encouragement
- E. Avoid criticizing relationships; teach how to establish realistic goals
- F. Provide consistent affectionate care
- G. Encourage creativity, answer questions; do not threaten or label behavior as 'bad'
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Keeping realistic expectations supports identity vs. role confusion, helping teens plan according to their abilities.
Match the stage, according to Erikson, to the appropriate age range. Integrity vs. despair
- A. Birth to 18 months
- B. 18 months to 3 years
- C. 3 years to 5 years
- D. 5 years to 12 years
- E. 12 years to 18 years
- F. 18 years to 40 years
- G. 65+ years
Correct Answer: G
Rationale: Erikson's integrity vs. despair stage occurs at 65+ years, where individuals reflect on their lives, achieving a sense of fulfillment or despair.
Choose the correct answer(s). In some questions, more than one answer is correct. Select all that apply. Object permanence refers to the concept that
- A. People can go away and not be seen again.
- B. An object not in the child's sight still exists somewhere else.
- C. Actions have consequences.
- D. Fine motor skills develop after large motor skills.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Object permanence, developed in Piaget's sensorimotor stage, is the understanding that objects continue to exist even when out of sight.