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Choose the correct answer(s). In some questions, more than one answer is correct. Select all that apply. A 15-year-old boy has been hospitalized. What is an appropriate intervention for this age, according to Erik Erikson?
- A. Encourage the boy's friends to visit
- B. Encourage the parents to assist the boy
- C. Notify the clergy to intervene
- D. Encourage the boy's girlfriend to visit
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: In Erikson's identity vs. role confusion stage (12-18 years), peer relationships are crucial for developing a sense of self. Encouraging friends to visit supports this developmental need.
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Choose the correct answer(s). In some questions, more than one answer is correct. Select all that apply. A baby boy is born into a family of five (three siblings and two parents). The family qualifies for food stamps and medical assistance. He has an atrial-septal defect that will be repaired when he is older. His parents are in their late 30s and are very loving and supportive; they do not speak English very well. What factor will have the most influence on the baby's development?
- A. His heart defect
- B. His loving, supportive environment
- C. His family's lack of extra income
- D. His parents' inability to speak English fluently
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: A loving, supportive environment is critical for psychosocial development (e.g., Erikson's trust vs. mistrust stage) and has the most significant positive impact on the baby's development.
Indicate whether the following statements are True (T) or False (F)." Older adults tend to evaluate their lives more than younger adults.
- A. TRUE
- B. FALSE
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: True, In Erikson's integrity vs. despair stage, older adults reflect on their lives, evaluating their accomplishments and legacy.
Choose the correct answer(s). In some questions, more than one answer is correct. Select all that apply. The nurse knows that the infant responds to the environment through taste and touch. Which cognitive development stage is the infant using?
- A. Sensorimotor
- B. Preoperational
- C. Concrete operational
- D. Formal operational
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: According to Piaget, the sensorimotor stage (birth to about 2 years) is when infants learn about the world through sensory experiences like taste and touch.
Choose the correct answer(s). In some questions, more than one answer is correct. Select all that apply. One of the most important health-care interventions for toddlers is
- A. Preventing diabetes.
- B. Preventing accidents.
- C. Establishing good bowel habits.
- D. Establishing good hygiene habits.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Toddlers (autonomy vs. shame/doubt stage) are mobile and curious, making accident prevention (e.g., childproofing) critical for their safety.
Match Kohlberg's stages of moral development with their descriptions. Punishment and obedience orientation.
- A. Young adolescent focuses on being good and helping others, not just to follow the rules but to feel good about motives.
- B. Adult's behavior is motivated by the desire to follow internal values moral and principles.
- C. Child equates doing right with no punishment and doing wrong with punishment.
- D. Young adolescent follows laws for the greater good and because of respect for authority.
- E. Adult has concern for human rights and dignity; desires impartial interpretation of justice, Child focuses on what is fair rather than what might be best for the larger group.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: In Kohlberg's preconventional level, punishment and obedience orientation (stage 1) involves equating right with avoiding punishment.