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Choose the correct answer(s). In some questions, more than one answer is correct. Select all that apply. The nurse knows that the infant responds to the environment through taste and touch. Which cognitive development stage is the infant using?
- A. Sensorimotor
- B. Preoperational
- C. Concrete operational
- D. Formal operational
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: According to Piaget, the sensorimotor stage (birth to about 2 years) is when infants learn about the world through sensory experiences like taste and touch.
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Choose the correct answer(s). In some questions, more than one answer is correct. Select all that apply. You are caring for a 2-year-old child whose mother became a drug addict after the child was born. The child was severely neglected. Which of the following statements represents the best description of this child's psychosocial developmental status?
- A. The child is probably still in the first developmental stage: trust versus mistrust.
- B. The child probably does not feel trusting of people and is in the second developmental stage: autonomy versus shame and doubt.
- C. The child is in the second developmental stage: autonomy versus shame and doubt.
- D. The child has passed the age of the first developmental stage but did not reach the milestone of trust; therefore, he will stay in this stage until he can feel trusting.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Neglect during infancy likely prevented the child from developing trust (Erikson's trust vs. mistrust stage, birth to 18 months), keeping them in this stage despite being 2 years old.
Match the stage, according to Erikson, to the appropriate age range. Seek sense of self and plan according to one's abilities
- A. Recognize accomplishments and provide emotional support
- B. Keep realistic expectations for behavior and recognize accomplishments
- C. Review accomplishments made by the person
- D. Increase independence; provide praise and encouragement
- E. Avoid criticizing relationships; teach how to establish realistic goals
- F. Provide consistent affectionate care
- G. Encourage creativity, answer questions; do not threaten or label behavior as 'bad'
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Keeping realistic expectations supports identity vs. role confusion, helping teens plan according to their abilities.
Match Kohlberg's stages of moral development with their descriptions. Universal ethical principles.
- A. Young adolescent focuses on being good and helping others, good not and just helping to others, not just to
- B. Adult's behavior is motivated by the desire to follow internal values and moral principles.
- C. Child equates doing right equates with no punishment and doing wrong with punishment or wrong with punishment, punishment
- D. Young adolescent follows laws for the greater good and because of respect for authority for laws for the greater good,
- E. Adult has concern for human rights and dignity and human rights; desires impartial interpretation of justice, justice
- F. Child focuses on what is fair rather than what might be fair rather than what might be best for the larger group for the larger group,
Correct Answer: F
Rationale: In Kohlberg's postconventional level, universal ethical principles (stage 6) involves acting based on universal moral principles, even if they conflict with laws.
Match the following physiological changes that occur in middle age to the clinical manifestation. Loss of subcutaneous tissue.
- A. High blood pressure.
- B. Menopause.
- C. Constipation.
- D. Skin wrinkling.
- E. Decreased sperm production.
Correct Answer: E
Rationale: Loss of subcutaneous tissue in middle age causes skin wrinkling due to reduced skin elasticity.
Choose the correct answer(s). In some questions, more than one answer is correct. Select all that apply. You are the school nurse in a large high school. A female student comes to you and asks you about the signs and symptoms of various sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). Which of the following is the best response?
- A. Let the teenager know you are shocked that she needs to ask these questions.
- B. Refer her to different brochures and resources about STDs.
- C. Answer her questions and ask her if she is concerned that she may have an STD.
- D. Ask her what symptoms she is having and reassure that they are probably not signs of an STD. This will gain her trust.
Correct Answer: B,C
Rationale: Providing accurate information and assessing concerns respects the teen's autonomy (Erikson's identity vs. role confusion stage) and promotes health education.