Nokea
Classical and operant conditioning theories are classified under _________________, while sociocultural theory and Piaget's theory fall under ________________.?
- A. Psychodynamic; cognitive
- B. Learning; behavior modelling
- C. Behavioral; sociocultural
- D. Centration; cognitive
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Classical and operant conditioning theories are forms of learning theories, making them fall under the category of cognitive theories. On the other hand, sociocultural theory and Piaget's theory are cognitive theories that focus on how individuals perceive and process information, hence correctly classified under cognitive theories. Therefore, choice A is the correct answer. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect as they do not accurately represent the classifications of the specified theories.
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Unlike those with autism spectrum disorder, those with reactive attachment disorder have a history of:
- A. Schizoid personality disorder
- B. Autism spectrum disorder
- C. Reactive attachment disorder
- D. Disinhibited social engagement disorder
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Reactive attachment disorder. Individuals with reactive attachment disorder have a history of severe social neglect, which distinguishes it from autism spectrum disorder. Choice A, Schizoid personality disorder, is incorrect as it is not typically associated with the history described in reactive attachment disorder. Choice B, Autism spectrum disorder, is incorrect because individuals with autism spectrum disorder do not necessarily have a history of severe social neglect. Choice D, Disinhibited social engagement disorder, is also incorrect as it is a separate attachment disorder characterized by indiscriminate social behavior, not necessarily a history of neglect.
The ____ believed that consciousness developed in humans because it serves a useful purpose?
- A. Behaviorists
- B. Humanists
- C. Functionalists
- D. Structuralists
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Functionalists believed that consciousness evolved because it serves a useful purpose in helping humans adapt to their environment. Choice A, Behaviorists, focused on observable behaviors rather than consciousness. Choice B, Humanists, emphasized human potential and self-actualization. Choice D, Structuralists, studied the basic elements of consciousness rather than its function and purpose.
To overcome her fear of balloons due to the loud sound they might make when popping, Bella must sit in a room filled with balloons while the therapist pops each one. After a while, Bella realizes that her fear is unjustified and even begins to pop balloons herself. This technique is known as?
- A. Systematic desensitization
- B. Aversion therapy
- C. Flooding
- D. Extinction
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C, Flooding. Flooding is an exposure therapy technique where a person is exposed to their fear at full intensity until the fear subsides. In this scenario, Bella is exposed to her fear of balloons in a controlled environment until she realizes her fear is unjustified. Choice A, Systematic desensitization, involves gradual exposure to the fear stimulus paired with relaxation techniques. Choice B, Aversion therapy, aims to create a negative association with a stimulus to reduce unwanted behavior. Choice D, Extinction, refers to the gradual decrease in the strength or frequency of a conditioned response.
What research method involves researchers using interviews and/or questionnaires to collect data about attitudes, interests, values, and various kinds of behaviors?
- A. Case study
- B. Survey
- C. Naturalistic observation
- D. Correlational study
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Survey. A survey is a research method where data is collected through interviews or questionnaires about various behaviors and attitudes. In a case study (choice A), researchers closely examine a particular individual or group. Naturalistic observation (choice C) involves observing subjects in their natural environment. Correlational study (choice D) examines the relationship between two variables but does not involve collecting data through interviews or questionnaires.
Skinner would agree with all the following statements except:
- A. All behavior is governed by external consequences.
- B. Individuals have free will.
- C. Organisms tend to repeat responses that lead to positive outcomes.
- D. Organisms tend not to repeat responses that lead to neutral or negative outcomes.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Skinner's behaviorist perspective emphasized that behavior is influenced by external factors and reinforcement, rather than individual free will. Therefore, Skinner would not agree with the statement that individuals have free will. Choices A, C, and D align with Skinner's beliefs as he believed that behavior is shaped by external consequences, organisms tend to repeat behaviors leading to positive outcomes, and organisms tend to avoid behaviors leading to neutral or negative outcomes.