Nokea
Collaboration and teamwork are essential in public health to improve
- A. Staff performance
- B. Equity in services
- C. Proper use of resources
- D. Quality healthcare
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Equity in services. Collaboration and teamwork in public health are crucial to ensure equal access to services for all populations, regardless of their background or socioeconomic status. By working together, public health professionals can identify disparities and implement strategies to address them, ultimately leading to improved equity in healthcare services.
A: Staff performance - While collaboration and teamwork can positively impact staff performance, the primary focus in public health is on achieving equity in services for all individuals.
C: Proper use of resources - Collaboration can help optimize resource allocation, but the main goal in public health is to ensure equitable access to services.
D: Quality healthcare - While collaboration can enhance the quality of healthcare, the primary emphasis in public health is on promoting equity in services to address health disparities.
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Nurse Victor reviews the medical history of patient Mila. Which of the following conditions is the MOST common cause of cardiogenic shock?
- A. Decreased hemoglobin level
- B. Acute myocardial infarction (MI)
- C. Hypotension
- D. Coronary artery disease
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Acute myocardial infarction (MI) is the most common cause of cardiogenic shock. During an MI, there is significant damage to the heart muscle, leading to a decrease in cardiac output and subsequent shock. This results in inadequate tissue perfusion and oxygen delivery. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because decreased hemoglobin level (A) may lead to anemia but is not the most common cause of cardiogenic shock. Hypotension (C) is a symptom of shock, not the cause. Coronary artery disease (D) is a risk factor for MI but not the direct cause of cardiogenic shock.
A patient with a suspected autoimmune disorder exhibits antibodies directed against self-antigens, leading to tissue damage and inflammation. Which of the following mechanisms is primarily responsible for the development of autoimmune diseases?
- A. Loss of self-tolerance
- B. Failure of innate immunity
- C. Defective T cell activation
- D. Impaired phagocytosis
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Loss of self-tolerance. This is because autoimmune diseases result from a breakdown in the immune system's ability to distinguish between self and non-self antigens, leading to the production of antibodies against self-antigens. When self-tolerance is lost, immune cells mistakenly target the body's own tissues, causing tissue damage and inflammation.
Choice B (Failure of innate immunity) is incorrect because autoimmune diseases are primarily driven by adaptive immunity rather than innate immunity. Choice C (Defective T cell activation) is incorrect as T cells play a critical role in the immune response to self-antigens in autoimmune diseases. Choice D (Impaired phagocytosis) is incorrect as phagocytosis is a mechanism primarily involved in the removal of pathogens, not in the development of autoimmune diseases.
Sensitivity is the ability of a screening test to accurately identify what aspect of the screening?
- A. Persons with symptoms of the disease.
- B. Persons who have the disease.
- C. Persons who do not have the disease.
- D. Persons who now have a diagnosis of disease.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Persons who have the disease. Sensitivity measures how well a test correctly identifies individuals who have the disease (true positives). It is essential in determining the test's ability to detect the presence of the disease accurately. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because sensitivity focuses on correctly identifying individuals who have the disease, not those with symptoms, those without the disease, or those with a diagnosis of the disease.
The physician prescribes decongestant intranasal spray. The nurse instructs the client on the proper use of the spray. Which of the following procedures is the CORRECT method?
- A. Finish instillation of spray into one nostril before spraying into the other nostril
- B. Inhale quickly to prevent irritation off the mucous membranes
- C. Blow the nose after spraying to prevent medications from entering the throat
- D. Tilt the head slightly forward and angle the bottle toward the side of the nostril
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Tilt the head slightly forward and angle the bottle toward the side of the nostril. This method allows for proper administration of the spray into the nasal passage, ensuring effective delivery of the medication. Tilted head helps direct the spray towards the nasal cavity without causing discomfort or leakage. It also helps prevent the medication from dripping down the back of the throat.
Choices A, B, and C are incorrect:
A: Finishing instillation in one nostril before moving to the other can lead to uneven distribution of medication and reduced effectiveness.
B: Inhaling quickly may cause irritation and discomfort to the mucous membranes due to the forceful intake of the spray.
C: Blowing the nose after spraying can expel the medication before it has a chance to be absorbed, decreasing its efficacy.
As an individual, which of the following is an INTERNAL variable affecting health status, belief, or practices
- A. Genetics
- B. Family structure
- C. Socioeconomic status
- D. Living situation
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Correct Answer: A - Genetics
Rationale:
1. Genetics refer to an individual's inherited traits which can influence health conditions and predispositions.
2. Genetic factors can impact an individual's susceptibility to certain diseases and conditions.
3. Health beliefs and practices may be influenced by knowledge of one's genetic predispositions.
4. Family structure, socioeconomic status, and living situation are external variables that may influence health but are not inherent to the individual like genetics.