Nokea
Comma-shaped rod, causes high volume watery diarrhea is:
- A. Campylobacter jejuni
- B. Vibrio cholerae
- C. Pseudomonas aeruginosa
- D. Proteus mirabilis
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Vibrio cholerae. Vibrio cholerae is a comma-shaped rod bacterium that causes high volume watery diarrhea by producing cholera toxin. This toxin leads to the secretion of large amounts of fluid into the intestines. Campylobacter jejuni (A) typically causes bloody diarrhea. Pseudomonas aeruginosa (C) and Proteus mirabilis (D) are not associated with high volume watery diarrhea.
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Exotoxins are:
- A. Produced in the microbe cell and then released in the neighbouring...
- B. Produced in the microbe cell and acting into the same cell
- C. Part of the microbe cell and acting into the same cell
- D. Part of the microbe cell, are released outside after cell lysis
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Exotoxins are proteins produced inside the microbe cell and then released outside the cell to exert their toxic effects on neighboring cells or tissues. This is why choice A is correct. Choices B and C are incorrect because exotoxins are not meant to act within the same cell they are produced in. Choice D is incorrect because exotoxins are usually released without causing cell lysis; they are secreted by the microbe actively rather than being leaked out due to cell damage.
Which of the following bacteria is responsible for causing the disease diphtheria?
- A. Bacillus anthracis
- B. Corynebacterium diphtheriae
- C. Streptococcus pneumoniae
- D. Escherichia coli
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Corynebacterium diphtheriae. This bacterium produces a toxin that causes diphtheria. It forms a grayish membrane in the throat, leading to difficulty breathing. Bacillus anthracis (Choice A) causes anthrax, Streptococcus pneumoniae (Choice C) causes pneumonia, and Escherichia coli (Choice D) causes various infections but not diphtheria.
The following viruses are referred to the Filoviridae family
- A. Lassa virus and lymphocytic choriomeningitis viruses
- B. Chikungunya virus and Sindbis virus
- C. Marburg virus and Ebola virus
- D. Crimean-Congo virus and Hantaan virus
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C because Marburg virus and Ebola virus belong to the Filoviridae family. These viruses are characterized by their filamentous shape and are known to cause severe hemorrhagic fever in humans. Both viruses have caused outbreaks with high mortality rates.
Choice A (Lassa virus and lymphocytic choriomeningitis viruses) are not part of the Filoviridae family. They belong to the Arenaviridae family, which also includes viruses that cause hemorrhagic fevers.
Choice B (Chikungunya virus and Sindbis virus) are arboviruses belonging to the Togaviridae family, which are not related to the Filoviridae family.
Choice D (Crimean-Congo virus and Hantaan virus) are part of the Nairoviridae and Hantaviridae families, respectively, and not the Filoviridae family.
While registering the child to the school Mantoux's test was made to define whether revaccination was needed test result is negative. What does this result of the test mean?
- A. Absence of antitoxic immunity to the tuberculosis
- B. Presence of antibodies for tubercle bacillus
- C. Absence of antibodies for tubercle bacillus
- D. Presence of cell immunity to the tuberculosis
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Step 1: Mantoux test measures cell-mediated immunity response to tuberculosis.
Step 2: A negative result means no significant immune response to TB antigens.
Step 3: Option A is incorrect, as it refers to antitoxic immunity, not cell immunity.
Step 4: Option B is incorrect, as it mentions antibodies, not cell-mediated immunity.
Step 5: Option C is incorrect, as it states absence of antibodies, not cell immunity.
Step 6: Option D is correct as it directly correlates with the purpose of Mantoux test.
Medical examination of the first-year pupils included Mantoux test. 15 pupils out of 35 had negative reaction. What actions should be taken against children with negative reaction?
- A. BCG vaccination
- B. Antitoxin vaccination
- C. Rabies vaccination
- D. Repeat Mantoux test
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: BCG vaccination. The Mantoux test is used to detect tuberculosis infection. A negative reaction means the child is not infected. BCG vaccination is recommended for individuals without prior TB infection to prevent severe forms of the disease. Antitoxin and rabies vaccinations are not related to TB and are not indicated in this scenario. Repeating the Mantoux test is unnecessary since a negative result indicates absence of TB infection.