Nokea
Concerning deglutition (swallowing):
- A. Pharyngeal phase of swallowing is voluntary.
- B. Normally the lower esophageal sphincter (LES) is open.
- C. Dysphagia is caused by a lesion in the swallowing reflex.
- D. In the esophageal stage of swallowing, if the bolus is liquid it travels by peristalsis.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C because dysphagia, which is difficulty swallowing, can be caused by various factors such as neurological disorders affecting the swallowing reflex or physical obstructions in the esophagus. This is a key point in understanding the causes of swallowing difficulties.
Choice A is incorrect because the pharyngeal phase of swallowing is actually involuntary, not voluntary. Choice B is incorrect as the lower esophageal sphincter (LES) is normally closed to prevent acid reflux and only opens during swallowing. Choice D is incorrect because in the esophageal stage of swallowing, both liquid and solid boluses travel through the esophagus by peristalsis, not just liquid boluses.
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The nurse cautions that constant stress can cause which alteration to the gastrointestinal (GI) system?
- A. Slowed GI mobility resulting in constipation
- B. Reversed peristalsis resulting in projectile vomiting
- C. Increased digestive juices resulting in a gastric ulcer
- D. Decreased digestive juices resulting in ineffective metabolism
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C because constant stress triggers the release of excess digestive juices, leading to increased acid production and potentially causing a gastric ulcer. Stress activates the sympathetic nervous system, which in turn stimulates the release of stress hormones that can disrupt the balance of digestive juices. Slowed GI mobility (choice A) typically causes constipation, not directly related to stress. Reversed peristalsis (choice B) leading to projectile vomiting is more commonly associated with conditions such as food poisoning or intestinal blockages. Decreased digestive juices (choice D) would likely result in poor digestion and nutrient absorption, but it is not a common consequence of stress-induced alterations to the GI system.
A sudden decrease in blood volume would be met by increases in epinephrine, antidiuretic hormone (vasopressin) and angiotensin II. What EFFECT would the increase in these three hormones ALL HAVE IN COMMON?
- A. increased heart rate
- B. increased fluid retention and blood volume
- C. increased PNS activity
- D. vasoconstriction and increased total peripheral resistance
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: vasoconstriction and increased total peripheral resistance. Epinephrine, antidiuretic hormone, and angiotensin II all act to increase vasoconstriction, leading to an increase in total peripheral resistance. This response is crucial during a sudden decrease in blood volume to maintain blood pressure and ensure adequate perfusion to vital organs.
Choice A (increased heart rate) is not correct because while epinephrine can increase heart rate, antidiuretic hormone and angiotensin II do not directly affect heart rate.
Choice B (increased fluid retention and blood volume) is not correct because antidiuretic hormone and angiotensin II can increase fluid retention, but epinephrine does not have this effect.
Choice C (increased PNS activity) is not correct because these hormones actually stimulate the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) leading to vasoconstriction and increased blood pressure, not the parasympath
This region of the large intestine has a simple columnar epithelium in its tunica mucosa, smooth muscle in its tunica muscularis, and epiploic appendages attach to its outer surface. This region is called the
- A. cecum.
- B. colon.
- C. rectum.
- D. anal canal.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: colon. The colon is characterized by having a simple columnar epithelium in its tunica mucosa, smooth muscle in its tunica muscularis, and epiploic appendages attached to its outer surface. The cecum (A) is a pouch-like structure at the beginning of the large intestine. The rectum (C) is the final segment of the large intestine before the anal canal (D). The anal canal is lined by stratified squamous epithelium, not simple columnar epithelium like the colon.
Which part of the digestive system absorbs most of the vitamins and minerals?
- A. small intestine
- B. large intestine
- C. mouth
- D. esophagus
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The small intestine is the correct answer because it is the primary site for nutrient absorption, including vitamins and minerals. It has a large surface area thanks to villi and microvilli, facilitating absorption. The large intestine mainly absorbs water and electrolytes, not vitamins and minerals. The mouth and esophagus are not involved in nutrient absorption but rather in the initial stages of digestion and transportation of food.
The accessory digestive organs include all of the following, EXCEPT:
- A. tongue
- B. liver
- C. pancreas
- D. stomach
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D, stomach. The stomach is not considered an accessory digestive organ as it is part of the gastrointestinal tract. The accessory digestive organs aid in the digestion process but are not part of the tract itself. The tongue, liver, and pancreas are all considered accessory digestive organs as they play crucial roles in digestion, such as producing enzymes and bile. The stomach's main function is to store and break down food through mechanical and chemical digestion, making it a primary organ in the digestive system rather than an accessory one.