Nokea
Which of the following statements about the stomach is FALSE?
- A. there are no enzymes secreted in the stomach to digest carbohydrate
- B. pepsin (from pepsinogen) is released to digest proteins
- C. amino acids are absorbed through the stomach wall and go directly to the liver
- D. the appetite regulatory peptide, ghrelin, is released by the stomach
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C because amino acids are not absorbed through the stomach wall; they are absorbed in the small intestine. In the stomach, gastric juices break down proteins into peptides. Option A is incorrect because the stomach secretes pepsin to digest proteins. Option B is also incorrect as pepsinogen is converted to pepsin for protein digestion. Option D is incorrect since ghrelin, the appetite hormone, is indeed released by the stomach.
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Which esophageal disorder is described as a precancerous lesion associated with GERD?
- A. Achalasia
- B. Barrett's esophagus
- C. Esophageal strictures
- D. Esophageal diverticula
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Barrett's esophagus is the correct answer because it is a precancerous condition resulting from long-term GERD. The constant exposure to stomach acid causes changes in the esophageal lining, increasing the risk of esophageal cancer.
Achalasia (A) is a motility disorder characterized by difficulty swallowing due to impaired esophageal muscle movement. Esophageal strictures (C) are narrowing of the esophagus, commonly caused by chronic inflammation or scarring, but not directly associated with GERD. Esophageal diverticula (D) are outpouchings in the esophageal wall, not specifically linked to GERD or cancer risk.
This region of the large intestine has a simple columnar epithelium in its tunica mucosa, smooth muscle in its tunica muscularis, and epiploic appendages attach to its outer surface. This region is called the
- A. cecum.
- B. colon.
- C. rectum.
- D. anal canal.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: colon. The colon is characterized by having a simple columnar epithelium in its tunica mucosa, smooth muscle in its tunica muscularis, and epiploic appendages attached to its outer surface. The cecum (A) is a pouch-like structure at the beginning of the large intestine. The rectum (C) is the final segment of the large intestine before the anal canal (D). The anal canal is lined by stratified squamous epithelium, not simple columnar epithelium like the colon.
What treatment for acute cholecystitis will prevent further stimulation of the gallbladder?
- A. NPO with NG suction
- B. Incisional cholecystectomy
- C. Administration of antiemetics
- D. Administration of anticholinergics
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: NPO with NG suction. This treatment prevents further stimulation of the gallbladder by resting the digestive system and reducing the secretion of bile. NPO stands for "nothing by mouth," which reduces gallbladder contractions. NG suction removes stomach contents, preventing bile from reaching the gallbladder. Incisional cholecystectomy is a surgical removal of the gallbladder and not a preventive measure. Antiemetics help control nausea and vomiting but do not directly prevent gallbladder stimulation. Anticholinergics inhibit the parasympathetic nervous system but are not typically used to prevent gallbladder stimulation.
The patient experienced a blood transfusion reaction. How should the nurse explain to the patient the cause of the hemolytic jaundice that occurred?
- A. Results from hepatocellular disease
- B. Due to a malaria parasite breaking apart red blood cells (RBCs)
- C. Results from decreased flow of bile through the liver or biliary system
- D. Due to increased breakdown of RBCs that caused elevated serum unconjugated bilirubin
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D. Hemolytic jaundice in a blood transfusion reaction is due to increased breakdown of red blood cells (RBCs) causing elevated serum unconjugated bilirubin. This occurs when the patient's immune system reacts to the transfused blood, leading to destruction of RBCs. The breakdown of these cells releases hemoglobin, which is metabolized into bilirubin. This unconjugated bilirubin then accumulates in the blood, causing jaundice.
Choice A is incorrect because hepatocellular disease does not directly cause hemolytic jaundice. Choice B is incorrect as malaria parasite breaking apart RBCs leads to hemolysis, not a blood transfusion reaction. Choice C is incorrect as decreased bile flow through the liver or biliary system typically causes obstructive jaundice, not hemolytic jaundice.
You were able to collect the chyme from the small intestine and isolate the various enzymes. Most of the enzymes would have been produced by the
- A. stomach.
- B. liver.
- C. pancreas.
- D. small intestine.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: pancreas. The pancreas is responsible for producing various digestive enzymes such as proteases, lipases, and amylases that aid in breaking down nutrients in the small intestine. These enzymes are released into the small intestine to further digest chyme. The stomach (A) primarily produces gastric juices, not digestive enzymes. The liver (B) produces bile, which helps in fat digestion but is not classified as an enzyme. The small intestine (D) absorbs nutrients but does not produce the majority of digestive enzymes.