Nokea
Congenital CMV infections are caused by:
- A. coronavirus
- B. herpes simplex virus
- C. cytomegalovirus
- D. Epstein-Barr virus
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: cytomegalovirus (CMV). Congenital CMV infections are caused by the transmission of CMV from a pregnant woman to her fetus. CMV is a type of herpes virus, not a coronavirus (A), herpes simplex virus (B), or Epstein-Barr virus (D). CMV is known to cause serious health issues in newborns, making it crucial to identify and manage during pregnancy.
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A man died from an acute disease characterized by fever, jaundice, hemorrhagic rash, and acute renal insufficiency. Histological examination revealed spiral bacteria shaped like 'C' and 'S' letters. Identify the pathogen.
- A. Leptospira
- B. Treponema
- C. Borrelia
- D. Spirochaeta
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Leptospira. Leptospira is a spiral-shaped bacterium that causes a disease known as leptospirosis, characterized by fever, jajsondice, hemorrhagic rash, and renal insufficiency. The characteristic spiral shape of the bacteria, resembling 'C' and 'S' letters, is a key identifying feature. Leptospira is commonly associated with contaminated water sources and can be transmitted to humans through contact with infected animals or water.
Summary of other choices:
B: Treponema - Treponema pallidum is the causative agent of syphilis, which does not typically present with the combination of symptoms described in the question.
C: Borrelia - Borrelia species are associated with Lyme disease and relapsing fever, but do not match the specific symptoms and histological appearance described in the question.
D: Spirochaeta - Spirochaeta is a genus of bacteria, but specific species within
Fires from combustibles such as wood require type __________ fire extinguishers.
- A. A
- B. B
- C. C
- D. D
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A because fires from combustibles such as wood fall under Class A fires. Type A fire extinguishers are specifically designed to extinguish fires involving ordinary combustible materials like wood, paper, and cloth. Choice B, C, and D are incorrect because they do not correspond to the correct classification of the fire. Choice B refers to Class B fires involving flammable liquids, Choice C refers to Class C fires involving electrical equipment, and Choice D refers to Class D fires involving combustible metals. It is crucial to match the type of fire extinguisher with the type of fire to effectively combat the fire.
Enriched growth media:
- A. Belong to the minimal media and inhibit the development of gram+ cocci
- B. Support the development of the target bacteria groups without suppressing the growth of other microorganisms
- C. Are intended for the cultivation of only one microbial species
- D. Support the development of target bacteria groups and suppress the development of other microorganisms
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because enriched growth media provide essential nutrients that support the growth of target bacteria groups without inhibiting the growth of other microorganisms. This allows for the selective cultivation of specific microbes while still allowing for the growth of other organisms present in the sample. Choice A is incorrect because enriched media do not belong to minimal media and do not inhibit the development of gram+ cocci. Choice C is incorrect because enriched media can support the growth of multiple microbial species. Choice D is incorrect because enriched media do not suppress the development of other microorganisms but rather provide nutrients to support their growth alongside the target bacteria groups.
Which bacteria is known for causing a disease characterized by a pseudomembrane in the throat?
- A. Clostridium tetani
- B. Bordetella pertussis
- C. Corynebacterium diphtheriae
- D. Streptococcus pyogenes
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Corynebacterium diphtheriae. This bacterium causes diphtheria, a disease characterized by a pseudomembrane in the throat. This pseudomembrane is a result of the bacterial exotoxins causing inflammation and necrosis of the throat tissues. Clostridium tetani (A) causes tetanus, characterized by muscle stiffness, not a pseudomembrane in the throat. Bordetella pertussis (B) causes whooping cough, with symptoms of severe coughing fits but no pseudomembrane. Streptococcus pyogenes (D) causes strep throat, but does not produce a pseudomembrane.
Bacteriology testing is one of the methods for laboratory diagnostics of diphtheria. To grow the
- A. diphtheriae, it is necessary to know the proper conditions for causative agent cultivation. What nutrient media are optimal for Corynebacterium diphtheriae cultivation?
- B. Sugar meat pepton broth, sugar meat pepton agar
- C. Salt egg yolk agar
- D. Endomedium, Ploskirev medium
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Sugar meat pepton broth, sugar meat pepton agar. These nutrient media are optimal for Corynebacterium diphtheriae cultivation due to their ability to support the growth of this bacterium. Sugar meat pepton broth provides a liquid medium with essential nutrients, while sugar meat pepton agar provides a solid surface for bacterial growth and isolation.
Incorrect choices:
A: Diphtheriae does not require specific conditions for cultivation.
C: Salt egg yolk agar is not commonly used for Corynebacterium diphtheriae.
D: Endomedium and Ploskirev medium are not standard media for diphtheria testing.