Nokea
Consider the following statements regarding the local support and defense system. Which one is true?
- A. inflammation only occurs in response to the presence of infectious pathogens
- B. inflammation (redness, swelling, heat) is an inappropriate response and should always be treated
- C. macrophages can infiltrate enlarged adipocytes, as seen in obesity
- D. none of the above is true
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C because macrophages can indeed infiltrate enlarged adipocytes in obesity. This is a true statement as obesity is associated with chronic low-grade inflammation in adipose tissue, leading to macrophage infiltration. Option A is incorrect as inflammation can also occur in response to tissue damage. Option B is incorrect as inflammation is a normal and necessary response to injury or infection for tissue repair. Option D is incorrect as statement C is true.
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Which cells in the small intestine may help protect the intestinal epithelium from bacteria?
- A. absorptive cells
- B. goblet cells
- C. granular cells
- D. endocrine cells
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Granular cells, also known as Paneth cells, produce antimicrobial peptides to protect the intestinal epithelium from bacteria. These peptides have antimicrobial properties that help prevent bacterial overgrowth and maintain intestinal homeostasis. Absorptive cells are primarily responsible for nutrient absorption, while goblet cells secrete mucus for lubrication. Endocrine cells produce hormones that regulate various physiological processes. Therefore, the correct answer is C, as granular cells play a direct role in protecting the intestinal epithelium from bacteria.
Chewing or mastication reflex originates in the ______ and the ability to initiate or stop chewing originates in the ______.
- A. pons; cerebrum.
- B. medulla oblongata; cerebrum.
- C. spinal cord; medulla oblongata.
- D. medulla oblongata; midbrain.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B. The chewing reflex originates in the medulla oblongata, which controls basic life functions like breathing and swallowing. The ability to voluntarily initiate or stop chewing comes from the cerebrum, the part of the brain responsible for conscious thoughts and movements. The pons (choice A) is involved in regulating breathing, not chewing. The spinal cord (choice C) is responsible for reflex actions but not specifically chewing. The midbrain (choice D) is more related to sensory processing and motor function, not chewing reflex. Therefore, the correct answer is B based on the roles of the medulla oblongata and cerebrum in chewing.
The term wisdom tooth refers to the _____ tooth.
- A. incisor
- B. third molar
- C. second bicuspid
- D. first cuspid
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: third molar. Wisdom teeth are the third molars located at the back of the mouth. They typically erupt in late teens or early twenties. Incisors (A) are front teeth for cutting, second bicuspids (C) help with chewing, and first cuspids (D) are also known as canines for tearing food. The key is understanding dental anatomy and the specific location/function of each tooth type.
A lipoprotein has the following components: 5% triglyceride, 20% cholesterol, 30% phospholipid, and 45% protein. This molecule would be best described as a
- A. micelle.
- B. chylomicron.
- C. low-density lipoprotein.
- D. high-density lipoprotein.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: high-density lipoprotein (HDL). HDL is known to have a higher proportion of protein compared to other lipoproteins. In this case, with 45% protein content, it aligns with the typical composition of HDL. HDL is responsible for transporting cholesterol from peripheral tissues back to the liver for excretion, making it crucial for maintaining cardiovascular health.
A: Micelle is incorrect as it is a single-layered structure formed by amphipathic molecules in a specific environment like bile salts in the intestines.
B: Chylomicron is incorrect as it is primarily composed of triglycerides and is responsible for transporting dietary lipids.
C: Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) is incorrect as it typically has higher cholesterol content compared to HDL and is known as "bad cholesterol" due to its role in depositing cholesterol in arteries.
A patient's serum liver enzyme tests reveal an elevated aspartate aminotransferase (AST). The nurse recognizes what about the elevated AST?
- A. It eliminates infection as a cause of liver damage.
- B. It is diagnostic for liver inflammation and damage.
- C. Tissue damage in organs other than the liver may be identified.
- D. Nervous system symptoms related to hepatic encephalopathy may be the cause.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Elevated AST may indicate damage in the liver or other organs as AST is not liver-specific.