Nokea
Which enzyme is responsible for the breakdown of carbohydrates in the mouth during the process of digestion?
- A. Amylase
- B. Lipase
- C. Pepsin
- D. Trypsin
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Amylase. Amylase is responsible for breaking down carbohydrates in the mouth during digestion. It is produced in the salivary glands and helps to break down complex carbohydrates into simpler sugars like maltose. Lipase (B) breaks down fats, pepsin (C) breaks down proteins, and trypsin (D) is an enzyme that also breaks down proteins but is produced in the pancreas, not in the mouth. Amylase is the only enzyme among the choices that specifically targets carbohydrates in the mouth, making it the correct answer.
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A patient has been on a 1000-calorie diet with a daily exercise routine. In 2 months
- A. the patient has lost 20 lb (9 kg) toward a goal of 50 lb (23 kg) but is now discouraged that no weight has been lost in the last 2 weeks. What should the nurse tell the patient about this?
- B. Plateaus where no weight is lost normally occur during a weight-loss program.
- C. A weight considered by the body to be most efficient for functioning has been reached.
- D. A return to former eating habits is the most common cause of not continuing to lose weight.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Weight loss plateaus are common as the body adapts to changes in diet and exercise. It is important to remain consistent and patient during this phase.
Which manifestations may be seen in the patient with cirrhosis related to esophageal varices?
- A. Jaundice, peripheral edema, and ascites from increased intrahepatic pressure and dysfunction
- B. Loss of the small bile ducts and cholestasis and cirrhosis in patients with other autoimmune disorders
- C. Development of collateral channels of circulation in inelastic, fragile esophageal veins as a result of portal hypertension
- D. Scarring and nodular changes in the liver lead to compression of the veins and sinusoids, causing resistance of blood flow through the liver from the portal vein
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Esophageal varices are caused by the development of collateral channels of circulation in the fragile, inelastic esophageal veins due to portal hypertension in cirrhosis.
The nurse is caring for a patient with chronic kidney disease. Which of the following laboratory results should the nurse prioritize?
- A. Potassium level of 3.5 mEq/L
- B. Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) level of 18 mg/dL
- C. Serum creatinine level of 4.0 mg/dL
- D. Hemoglobin level of 12 g/dL
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Serum creatinine level of 4.0 mg/dL. This is prioritized as high serum creatinine indicates impaired kidney function in chronic kidney disease. Elevated creatinine levels suggest decreased glomerular filtration rate, which is crucial in monitoring kidney function. Option A (Potassium level of 3.5 mEq/L) may be important due to the risk of hyperkalemia in kidney disease, but it is not as critical as monitoring kidney function. Option B (BUN level of 18 mg/dL) is within normal range and typically fluctuates based on diet and hydration status. Option D (Hemoglobin level of 12 g/dL) is important but not the priority in this case.
Regarding HCL:
- A. it inhibits pepsinogen.
- B. it helps in absorption of iron.
- C. it helps in absorption of vitamin B12.
- D. is secreted in response to sympathetic stimulation.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Step 1: HCL helps in the digestion of food by creating an acidic environment in the stomach.
Step 2: This acidic environment aids in the breakdown of food components, including iron.
Step 3: Iron absorption is enhanced in the presence of HCL.
Conclusion: Choice B is correct as HCL helps in the absorption of iron. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect as HCL does not inhibit pepsinogen, aid in absorption of vitamin B12, or secreted in response to sympathetic stimulation.
A nurse is planning care for a client who is to start receiving total parenteral nutrition (TPN). Which of the following interventions should the nurse include in the plan of care?
- A. Use a 1.2 micron filter when infusing TPN with fat emulsions added.
- B. Allow 18 hr for the lipids to infuse when not mixed with the TPN solution.
- C. Change the TPN solution after 36 hr.
- D. Change the TPN tubing every 48 hr.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Change the TPN tubing every 48 hr. This is essential to prevent bacterial growth and infection, maintaining the integrity of the TPN solution. Regular tubing changes reduce the risk of contamination and ensure patient safety.
A: Using a 1.2 micron filter is not directly related to tubing changes and is not a primary concern for TPN administration.
B: Allowing 18 hr for lipids to infuse is not a standard practice and does not address the need for tubing changes.
C: Changing the TPN solution after 36 hr is not a standard guideline and may not be necessary unless specific factors indicate a need for a change.