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Which of the following is responsible for the digestion of carbohydrates?
- A. Amylase
- B. Lipase
- C. Pepsin
- D. Trypsin
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Amylase. Amylase is responsible for the digestion of carbohydrates by breaking down starches into simple sugars like glucose. It is produced in the salivary glands and pancreas, and works in both the mouth and small intestine. Lipase (B) digests fats, Pepsin (C) digests proteins, and Trypsin (D) also digests proteins but not carbohydrates. Therefore, they are not responsible for the digestion of carbohydrates.
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Which enzyme is responsible for the breakdown of carbohydrates in the mouth during the process of digestion?
- A. Amylase
- B. Lipase
- C. Pepsin
- D. Trypsin
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Amylase. Amylase is responsible for breaking down carbohydrates in the mouth during digestion. It is produced in the salivary glands and helps to break down complex carbohydrates into simpler sugars like maltose. Lipase (B) breaks down fats, pepsin (C) breaks down proteins, and trypsin (D) is an enzyme that also breaks down proteins but is produced in the pancreas, not in the mouth. Amylase is the only enzyme among the choices that specifically targets carbohydrates in the mouth, making it the correct answer.
The finger-like extensions inside the small intestine are called _____ and increase the surface area.
- A. microvilli
- B. villi
- C. lacteals
- D. lumens
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: villi. Villi are finger-like projections inside the small intestine that increase the surface area for nutrient absorption. They contain blood vessels and lacteals. Microvilli (A) are tiny projections on the surface of villi that further increase surface area. Lacteals (C) are lymphatic vessels within villi that absorb fats. Lumens (D) refer to the inner space of a tubular structure and are not the finger-like extensions inside the small intestine.
The enzymes produced by the exocrine pancreas include the following except:
- A. Proelastase
- B. DNase
- C. Amylase
- D. Enteropeptidase
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Enteropeptidase. Enteropeptidase is not produced by the exocrine pancreas; it is produced by the duodenal mucosa. Proelastase, DNase, and amylase are enzymes produced by the exocrine pancreas. Proelastase is involved in the breakdown of elastin, DNase breaks down DNA, and amylase helps in the digestion of carbohydrates. Therefore, the correct answer is D because Enteropeptidase is not produced by the exocrine pancreas but by the duodenal mucosa.
A patient presents with abdominal pain that is initially periumbilical but over time moves to the right lower quadrant are This pain is most likely due to:
- A. Appendicitis.
- B. Crohn's disease.
- C. Cholecystitis.
- D. Diverticulitis.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Appendicitis typically presents with pain that starts around the umbilicus and then shifts to the right lower quadrant, where the appendix is located.
Consider the following statements regarding the local support and defense system. Which one is true?
- A. inflammation only occurs in response to the presence of infectious pathogens
- B. inflammation (redness, swelling, heat) is an inappropriate response and should always be treated
- C. macrophages can infiltrate enlarged adipocytes, as seen in obesity
- D. none of the above is true
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C because macrophages can indeed infiltrate enlarged adipocytes in obesity. This is a true statement as obesity is associated with chronic low-grade inflammation in adipose tissue, leading to macrophage infiltration. Option A is incorrect as inflammation can also occur in response to tissue damage. Option B is incorrect as inflammation is a normal and necessary response to injury or infection for tissue repair. Option D is incorrect as statement C is true.