Nokea
Which of the following cells produce hydrochloric acid?
- A. parietal cells
- B. enteroendocrine cells
- C. mucous neck cells
- D. chief cells
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: parietal cells. Parietal cells are located in the gastric glands of the stomach and are responsible for producing hydrochloric acid to help with digestion. They also secrete intrinsic factor, which is essential for vitamin B12 absorption. Enteroendocrine cells (B) produce hormones, mucous neck cells (C) secrete mucus to protect the stomach lining, and chief cells (D) produce pepsinogen for protein digestion, but they do not produce hydrochloric acid. Therefore, parietal cells are the only cells among the choices that specifically produce hydrochloric acid.
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The enzymes produced by the exocrine pancreas include the following except:
- A. Proelastase
- B. DNase
- C. Amylase
- D. Enteropeptidase
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Enteropeptidase. Enteropeptidase is not produced by the exocrine pancreas; it is produced by the duodenal mucosa. Proelastase, DNase, and amylase are enzymes produced by the exocrine pancreas. Proelastase is involved in the breakdown of elastin, DNase breaks down DNA, and amylase helps in the digestion of carbohydrates. Therefore, the correct answer is D because Enteropeptidase is not produced by the exocrine pancreas but by the duodenal mucosa.
Which of these is a characteristic of the small intestine?
- A. It has no villi.
- B. It is the site of the majority of digestion.
- C. It is the primary site for absorption of water.
- D. It produces bile.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because the small intestine is where the majority of digestion occurs, including the breakdown of proteins, carbohydrates, and fats. This is facilitated by enzymes and bile produced by other organs. Villi in the small intestine increase surface area for absorption, making choice A incorrect. Absorption of water primarily occurs in the large intestine, so choice C is incorrect. Bile is produced by the liver and stored in the gallbladder, not the small intestine, making choice D incorrect. Thus, the small intestine's role in digestion makes it the correct characteristic.
A patient's peripheral parenteral nutrition (PN) bag is nearly empty, and a new PN bag has not arrived yet from the pharmacy. Which intervention by the nurse is appropriate?
- A. Monitor the patient's capillary blood glucose every 6 hours.
- B. Infuse 5% dextrose in water until a new PN bag is delivere
- D. Decrease the PN infusion rate to 10 mL/hr until a new bag arrives.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Correct Answer: B
Rationale:
1. Infusing 5% dextrose in water will provide the patient with necessary calories and prevent hypoglycemia until the new PN bag arrives.
2. Dextrose infusion will help maintain glucose levels and prevent metabolic complications.
3. Monitoring capillary blood glucose every 6 hours (Choice A) may not provide immediate support to prevent hypoglycemia.
4. Decreasing the PN infusion rate (Choice D) may lead to inadequate nutrition and compromise patient's metabolic needs.
Where are most fat-digesting enzymes produced?
- A. small intestine
- B. gallbladder
- C. liver
- D. pancreas
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: pancreas. The pancreas produces most fat-digesting enzymes, such as lipase, which help break down fats in the small intestine. The liver produces bile, stored in the gallbladder, which aids in fat digestion but doesn't directly produce fat-digesting enzymes. The small intestine primarily absorbs nutrients rather than producing fat-digesting enzymes. Therefore, the pancreas is the main source of fat-digesting enzymes in the digestive system.
It is correct to say that:
- A. HCL converts pepsin into pepsinogen.
- B. IF is essential for vitamin K absorption.
- C. Saliva contains alpha amylase.
- D. Myenteric plexus controls GIT secretion.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Saliva contains alpha amylase. Saliva does indeed contain the enzyme alpha amylase, which helps in the breakdown of carbohydrates in the mouth. This is a well-established fact in human physiology.
Explanation for why other choices are incorrect:
A: HCL converts pepsin into pepsinogen - This statement is incorrect as pepsinogen is converted into pepsin by the acidic environment in the stomach, not the other way around.
B: IF is essential for vitamin K absorption - This is also incorrect. Intrinsic factor (IF) is essential for the absorption of vitamin B12, not vitamin K.
D: Myenteric plexus controls GIT secretion - While the myenteric plexus is involved in regulating gastrointestinal motility, it is not primarily responsible for controlling secretion in the gastrointestinal tract.