Nokea
A patient with inflammatory bowel disease has a nursing diagnosis of imbalanced nutrition: less than body requirements related to decreased nutritional intake and decreased intestinal absorption. Which assessment data support this nursing diagnosis?
- A. Pallor and hair loss
- B. Frequent diarrhea stools
- C. Anorectal excoriation and pain
- D. Hypotension and urine output below 30 mL/hr
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Pallor and hair loss indicate potential nutritional deficiencies, supporting the nursing diagnosis of imbalanced nutrition due to decreased intake and absorption.
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Contraction of the gallbladder may be due to:
- A. Secretin
- B. VIP
- C. Bile salts
- D. Atropine
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Bile salts. Bile salts play a crucial role in the contraction of the gallbladder. When bile salts are released into the duodenum, they stimulate the gallbladder to contract, releasing bile into the small intestine to aid in digestion. Secretin (choice A) and VIP (choice B) are hormones that primarily regulate pancreatic secretion, not gallbladder contraction. Atropine (choice D) is an anticholinergic drug that inhibits the parasympathetic nervous system and would not stimulate gallbladder contraction. Therefore, the correct answer is C as bile salts directly trigger the contraction of the gallbladder.
The term wisdom tooth refers to the _____ tooth.
- A. incisor
- B. third molar
- C. second bicuspid
- D. first cuspid
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: third molar. Wisdom teeth are the third molars located at the back of the mouth. They typically erupt in late teens or early twenties. Incisors (A) are front teeth for cutting, second bicuspids (C) help with chewing, and first cuspids (D) are also known as canines for tearing food. The key is understanding dental anatomy and the specific location/function of each tooth type.
Which of the following cells produce hydrochloric acid?
- A. parietal cells
- B. enteroendocrine cells
- C. mucous neck cells
- D. chief cells
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: parietal cells. Parietal cells are located in the gastric glands of the stomach and are responsible for producing hydrochloric acid to help with digestion. They also secrete intrinsic factor, which is essential for vitamin B12 absorption. Enteroendocrine cells (B) produce hormones, mucous neck cells (C) secrete mucus to protect the stomach lining, and chief cells (D) produce pepsinogen for protein digestion, but they do not produce hydrochloric acid. Therefore, parietal cells are the only cells among the choices that specifically produce hydrochloric acid.
Which manifestations may be seen in the patient with cirrhosis related to esophageal varices?
- A. Jaundice, peripheral edema, and ascites from increased intrahepatic pressure and dysfunction
- B. Loss of the small bile ducts and cholestasis and cirrhosis in patients with other autoimmune disorders
- C. Development of collateral channels of circulation in inelastic, fragile esophageal veins as a result of portal hypertension
- D. Scarring and nodular changes in the liver lead to compression of the veins and sinusoids, causing resistance of blood flow through the liver from the portal vein
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Esophageal varices are caused by the development of collateral channels of circulation in the fragile, inelastic esophageal veins due to portal hypertension in cirrhosis.
Chewing or mastication reflex originates in the ______ and the ability to initiate or stop chewing originates in the ______.
- A. pons; cerebrum.
- B. medulla oblongata; cerebrum.
- C. spinal cord; medulla oblongata.
- D. medulla oblongata; midbrain.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B. The chewing reflex originates in the medulla oblongata, which controls basic life functions like breathing and swallowing. The ability to voluntarily initiate or stop chewing comes from the cerebrum, the part of the brain responsible for conscious thoughts and movements. The pons (choice A) is involved in regulating breathing, not chewing. The spinal cord (choice C) is responsible for reflex actions but not specifically chewing. The midbrain (choice D) is more related to sensory processing and motor function, not chewing reflex. Therefore, the correct answer is B based on the roles of the medulla oblongata and cerebrum in chewing.