Nokea
The tunica submucosa and mucosa of the stomach are thrown into large folds called
- A. epiploic appendages.
- B. rugae.
- C. plicae cirulares.
- D. villi.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: rugae. Rugae are large folds in the tunica submucosa and mucosa of the stomach that allow for expansion when the stomach is full. Epiploic appendages (A) are fatty projections on the serosa of the large intestine. Plicae circulares (C) are circular folds in the small intestine for increasing surface area. Villi (D) are finger-like projections in the small intestine for absorption. Rugae specifically refer to the folds in the stomach lining, making them the correct answer.
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A 60-year-old African American patient is afraid she might have anal cancer. What assessment finding puts her at high risk for anal cancer?
- A. Alcohol use
- B. Human papillomavirus (HPV)
- C. Only one sexual partner
- D. Use of a condom with sexual intercourse
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is a significant risk factor for anal cancer, particularly in individuals with compromised immune systems.
Which of the following is responsible for the digestion of carbohydrates?
- A. Amylase
- B. Lipase
- C. Pepsin
- D. Trypsin
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Amylase. Amylase is responsible for the digestion of carbohydrates by breaking down starches into simple sugars like glucose. It is produced in the salivary glands and pancreas, and works in both the mouth and small intestine. Lipase (B) digests fats, Pepsin (C) digests proteins, and Trypsin (D) also digests proteins but not carbohydrates. Therefore, they are not responsible for the digestion of carbohydrates.
The term wisdom tooth refers to the _____ tooth.
- A. incisor
- B. third molar
- C. second bicuspid
- D. first cuspid
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: third molar. Wisdom teeth are the third molars located at the back of the mouth. They typically erupt in late teens or early twenties. Incisors (A) are front teeth for cutting, second bicuspids (C) help with chewing, and first cuspids (D) are also known as canines for tearing food. The key is understanding dental anatomy and the specific location/function of each tooth type.
A large number of children at a public school have developed profuse diarrhea and bloody stools. The school nurse suspects food poisoning related to food from the school cafeteria and requests analysis and culture of which food?
- A. Chicken
- B. Ground beef
- C. Commercially canned fish
- D. Salads with mayonnaise dressing
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Ground beef is commonly associated with foodborne illnesses caused by E. coli, which can result in bloody diarrhea.
Which manifestations may be seen in the patient with cirrhosis related to esophageal varices?
- A. Jaundice, peripheral edema, and ascites from increased intrahepatic pressure and dysfunction
- B. Loss of the small bile ducts and cholestasis and cirrhosis in patients with other autoimmune disorders
- C. Development of collateral channels of circulation in inelastic, fragile esophageal veins as a result of portal hypertension
- D. Scarring and nodular changes in the liver lead to compression of the veins and sinusoids, causing resistance of blood flow through the liver from the portal vein
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Esophageal varices are caused by the development of collateral channels of circulation in the fragile, inelastic esophageal veins due to portal hypertension in cirrhosis.