Nokea
The nurse is caring for a patient with chronic kidney disease. Which of the following laboratory results should the nurse prioritize?
- A. Potassium level of 3.5 mEq/L
- B. Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) level of 18 mg/dL
- C. Serum creatinine level of 4.0 mg/dL
- D. Hemoglobin level of 12 g/dL
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Serum creatinine level of 4.0 mg/dL. This is prioritized as high serum creatinine indicates impaired kidney function in chronic kidney disease. Elevated creatinine levels suggest decreased glomerular filtration rate, which is crucial in monitoring kidney function. Option A (Potassium level of 3.5 mEq/L) may be important due to the risk of hyperkalemia in kidney disease, but it is not as critical as monitoring kidney function. Option B (BUN level of 18 mg/dL) is within normal range and typically fluctuates based on diet and hydration status. Option D (Hemoglobin level of 12 g/dL) is important but not the priority in this case.
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Consider the following statements regarding the local support and defense system. Which one is true?
- A. inflammation only occurs in response to the presence of infectious pathogens
- B. inflammation (redness, swelling, heat) is an inappropriate response and should always be treated
- C. macrophages can infiltrate enlarged adipocytes, as seen in obesity
- D. none of the above is true
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C because macrophages can indeed infiltrate enlarged adipocytes in obesity. This is a true statement as obesity is associated with chronic low-grade inflammation in adipose tissue, leading to macrophage infiltration. Option A is incorrect as inflammation can also occur in response to tissue damage. Option B is incorrect as inflammation is a normal and necessary response to injury or infection for tissue repair. Option D is incorrect as statement C is true.
A lipoprotein has the following components: 5% triglyceride, 20% cholesterol, 30% phospholipid, and 45% protein. This molecule would be best described as a
- A. micelle.
- B. chylomicron.
- C. low-density lipoprotein.
- D. high-density lipoprotein.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: high-density lipoprotein (HDL). HDL is known to have a higher proportion of protein compared to other lipoproteins. In this case, with 45% protein content, it aligns with the typical composition of HDL. HDL is responsible for transporting cholesterol from peripheral tissues back to the liver for excretion, making it crucial for maintaining cardiovascular health.
A: Micelle is incorrect as it is a single-layered structure formed by amphipathic molecules in a specific environment like bile salts in the intestines.
B: Chylomicron is incorrect as it is primarily composed of triglycerides and is responsible for transporting dietary lipids.
C: Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) is incorrect as it typically has higher cholesterol content compared to HDL and is known as "bad cholesterol" due to its role in depositing cholesterol in arteries.
Which of these is a characteristic of the small intestine?
- A. It has no villi.
- B. It is the site of the majority of digestion.
- C. It is the primary site for absorption of water.
- D. It produces bile.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because the small intestine is where the majority of digestion occurs, including the breakdown of proteins, carbohydrates, and fats. This is facilitated by enzymes and bile produced by other organs. Villi in the small intestine increase surface area for absorption, making choice A incorrect. Absorption of water primarily occurs in the large intestine, so choice C is incorrect. Bile is produced by the liver and stored in the gallbladder, not the small intestine, making choice D incorrect. Thus, the small intestine's role in digestion makes it the correct characteristic.
A patient's peripheral parenteral nutrition (PN) bag is nearly empty, and a new PN bag has not arrived yet from the pharmacy. Which intervention by the nurse is appropriate?
- A. Monitor the patient's capillary blood glucose every 6 hours.
- B. Infuse 5% dextrose in water until a new PN bag is delivere
- D. Decrease the PN infusion rate to 10 mL/hr until a new bag arrives.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Correct Answer: B
Rationale:
1. Infusing 5% dextrose in water will provide the patient with necessary calories and prevent hypoglycemia until the new PN bag arrives.
2. Dextrose infusion will help maintain glucose levels and prevent metabolic complications.
3. Monitoring capillary blood glucose every 6 hours (Choice A) may not provide immediate support to prevent hypoglycemia.
4. Decreasing the PN infusion rate (Choice D) may lead to inadequate nutrition and compromise patient's metabolic needs.
Chewing or mastication reflex originates in the ______ and the ability to initiate or stop chewing originates in the ______.
- A. pons; cerebrum.
- B. medulla oblongata; cerebrum.
- C. spinal cord; medulla oblongata.
- D. medulla oblongata; midbrain.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B. The chewing reflex originates in the medulla oblongata, which controls basic life functions like breathing and swallowing. The ability to voluntarily initiate or stop chewing comes from the cerebrum, the part of the brain responsible for conscious thoughts and movements. The pons (choice A) is involved in regulating breathing, not chewing. The spinal cord (choice C) is responsible for reflex actions but not specifically chewing. The midbrain (choice D) is more related to sensory processing and motor function, not chewing reflex. Therefore, the correct answer is B based on the roles of the medulla oblongata and cerebrum in chewing.