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The nurse should urge a client with an ileoanal anastomosis to do perineal exercises four to six times a day for how many repetitions?
- A. 5
- B. 10
- C. 15
- D. 20
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Perineal exercises help strengthen muscles and improve bowel control, typically recommended at 15 repetitions.
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Folds in the mucosa of the stomach are called _ which allows the surface area to _.
- A. Crypt, Increase
- B. Rugae, Increase
- C. Rugae, Decrease
- D. Crypt, Decrease
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Rugae, Increase. Rugae are folds in the mucosa of the stomach that allow for expansion of the stomach when food is ingested, increasing the surface area for digestion and absorption. Rugae help in mixing and breaking down food efficiently.
Explanation:
1. Rugae are specifically found in the stomach to increase surface area for digestion.
2. The folds of rugae help in stretching the stomach to accommodate food intake.
3. Increased surface area aids in better absorption of nutrients.
4. Crypts are invaginations in the mucosa but not related to increasing surface area.
5. Option C and D are incorrect because rugae actually increase, not decrease, the surface area of the stomach.
Stimulation of the parasympathetic neurons in the GI tract from Auerbach's or myenteric plexus will cause
- A. inhibition of local secretions.
- B. inhibition of peristalsis.
- C. stimulation of local secretions.
- D. stimulation of peristalsis
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Stimulation of parasympathetic neurons in the GI tract from Auerbach's or myenteric plexus leads to the release of acetylcholine, which enhances GI motility and peristalsis. This is because acetylcholine acts on smooth muscle and stimulates contractions, promoting movement of food through the GI tract. Therefore, the correct answer is D.
A: Inhibition of local secretions is incorrect as parasympathetic stimulation usually enhances glandular secretions in the GI tract.
B: Inhibition of peristalsis is incorrect because parasympathetic stimulation typically increases peristalsis.
C: Stimulation of local secretions is incorrect as parasympathetic stimulation usually promotes secretion but does not inhibit it.
During muscle contraction, local metabolites act to vasodilate arterioles supplying the working muscle(s). Which of the following would NOT contribute to a local vasodilation?
- A. an increase in carbon dioxide
- B. an increase in hydrogen ions
- C. an increase in oxygen
- D. none of the above contribute to vasodilation
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C because an increase in oxygen does not contribute to local vasodilation during muscle contraction. Oxygen is typically consumed by working muscles and does not act as a vasodilator. On the other hand, increases in carbon dioxide and hydrogen ions lead to vasodilation by stimulating the release of vasodilatory substances. Choice D is incorrect because oxygen, in this context, does not contribute to vasodilation like carbon dioxide and hydrogen ions do.
A patient presents with abdominal pain that is initially periumbilical but over time moves to the right lower quadrant are This pain is most likely due to:
- A. Appendicitis.
- B. Crohn's disease.
- C. Cholecystitis.
- D. Diverticulitis.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Appendicitis typically presents with pain that starts around the umbilicus and then shifts to the right lower quadrant, where the appendix is located.
A patient has been on a 1000-calorie diet with a daily exercise routine. In 2 months
- A. the patient has lost 20 lb (9 kg) toward a goal of 50 lb (23 kg) but is now discouraged that no weight has been lost in the last 2 weeks. What should the nurse tell the patient about this?
- B. Plateaus where no weight is lost normally occur during a weight-loss program.
- C. A weight considered by the body to be most efficient for functioning has been reached.
- D. A return to former eating habits is the most common cause of not continuing to lose weight.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Weight loss plateaus are common as the body adapts to changes in diet and exercise. It is important to remain consistent and patient during this phase.